Monday, September 30, 2019
Police Perception In My Community Essay
INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE Community Oriented Policing is a philosophy and not a specific tactic, It is a proactive, decentralized approach, designed to reduce crime, disorder, and by extension, fear of crime, by intensely involving the same officer in the same community on a long-term basis, so that residents will develop trust to cooperate with police by providing information and assistance to achieve those three crucial goals (Trojanowicz and Carter,1988) The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (Crime Act) is widely recognized as a significant milestone in community policing. It was intended by President Clinton and Attorney General Reno as the â€Å"changing of policing.†The legislation provided the funding vehicle for an additional 100,000 police officers to boost law enforcement efforts in a climate of nationwide anxiety about crime. The Act gave the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (OCOPS) the task of supporting a major drive toward rooting community policing in solid foundations to become the prevailing orthodoxy in American law enforcement. (Nicholl, 1999) Law Enforcement Agencies throughout the country look to Office of Community Oriented Policing Services to improve their own services. According to OCOPS, â€Å" Community policing focuses on crime and social disorder through the delivery of police services that includes aspects of traditional law enforcement, as well as prevention, problem-solving, community engagement, and partnerships. The community policing model balances reactive responses to calls for service with proactive problem-solving centered on the causes of crime and disorder. Community policing requires police and citizens to join together as partners in the course of both identifying and effectively addressing these issues.†           It is important to note then the Public’s Perception of the Police is an essential element for the success of Community Policing-based strategies. Throughout the country, studies have been made that correlate Police Perception and Community Policing. During the past 20 years, there has been an expanding body of research examining citizens’ attitudes toward the police. Most of this research has been directed at assessing the determinants of these attitudes. In contrast, less attention has been focused on the reasons why citizens hold certain attitudes (Frank et al,2005) The author then, as a member of the Chesterfield Police Department, has a special interest in Community Policing and Police Perception, most especially in his own community. This research them aims to study Police Perception particularly in the Community of Chesterfield Township, a part of The County of Macomb in the state of Michigan.  It is worth mentioning that The Chesterfield Police Department ‘s aim is embodied in its mission statement: it is committed to providing the highest quality of public service and crime prevention while maintaining the public’s respect and protecting the rights and dignity of everyone. The Chesterfield Police Department is dedicated to strong community relationships while providing a safe environment to enhance the quality of life for our citizens and visitors, which is very much in line with the concept of Community Policing. This is further supported by this Police Department’s value statement , abbreviated as POLICE, which includes developing an everlasting PARTNERSHIP between the Community, having a dedicated to the OATH of protecting and serving all people ,recognizing the importance of all Department members and Citizens, treating each other with fairness, LOYALTY and respect , maintaining the highest degree of INTEGRITY, being responsible and accountable for their own actions and decisions , believing that COOPERATION and teamwork will enable them to achieve all goals of this Department and having a commitment to EXCELLENCE in the performance of their duties (http://www.chesterfieldtownshippolice.com/values.htm)            The Chesterfield Police Department’s Mission and Value statements share the same elements with the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services which aims â€Å"to help law enforcement agencies implement and enhance community policing, defined as â€Å"a policing philosophy that promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving tactics and police-community partnerships.††(C.O.P.S. http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=36/ )            Chesterfield Township is located in Macomb County, Michigan and encompasses an area of approximately 26 square miles. The population at the 2000 census was 37,004.  This increased to 446,962 in the year 2006. (Muller, 2006) The Township was established in 1842 and became a Charter Township in 1989 by Resolution. (Pall, 2002)  In Chesterfield, The number of violent crimes recorded by the FBI in 2003 was 28. The number of murders and homicides was 1. The violent crime rate was 0.7 per 1,000 people.  Meanwhile, in the whole Macomb county, of which Chesterfield is included, a total of  22,395 were reported for the year 2000 , a majority of reports were for Larceny and Motor vehicle theft. Sixteen of the reports for that year were on murder, 309 for rape and 384 reports on robbery for that year (Federal Bureau of Investigation to the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, University of Michigan)            It is in from scope then that the author gathered data for the completion of this research Guided by feedback from other researches undertaken on Police Perception of the community such as these:   â€Å"Gathering data on crime and community policing at the local level not only supplements our national data, but also allows local officials to identify their particular crime control needs,†said Bureau of Justice Statistics Director Jan Chaiken. â€Å"As part of the Justice Department’s emphasis on police working with residents in their neighborhoods, we are giving local law enforcement agencies tools to learn more about crimes and public opinion that may not be reported to the police.†Community policing is a crime fighting strategy that encourages law enforcement to work in partnership with the community to solve crime problems. The high degree of citizen support for America’s neighborhood police officers is a testament to the dedicated men and women who work day in and day out to establish relationships with residents in their communities,†said Deputy Attorney General Eric Holder. â€Å"These relationships help citizens and police work together to promote community safety.†(Smith et al, 1999)†           In light of these statements, this research was undertaken to determine the Police Perception in the Community of Chesterfield Township, whether it is positive or negative through the use of a Police Perception survey adapted from earlier studies made by other police department in certain cities, particularly Portland (Campbell De long, 2005) , Pasadena (Police Assessment Resource Center, 2006). Chicago (The Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium, 2004) and Kentucky (Kentucky Crime Prevention Coalition) it also aims to provide demographic breakdown of survey respondents in relation to their Police Perception in Chesterfield Township.            Such information will enable the Chesterfield Police Department to continue living out their mission statement and embody the philosophy of Community Policing by either maintaining or improving their performance based on their community’s police perception, as will be determined by the survey done for this study.            It is the hope of this author that this research will also lead to the initiation of other studies concerning his community and the other areas in the County of Macomb, and even the State of Michigan to further improve the Police Departments public service performance to ensure the safety of the citizens. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The idea of examining Police Perception is not new. The community’s perception of the police department has been linked to the success of police programs to promote safety in the neighborhood. A study made by Gallagher. Et al in 2001, summarizes the studies made regarding Police Image and Community’s perception of the Police in a â€Å"The Public Image of the Police: Final Report to The International Association of Chiefs of Police. Research findings point out that : â€Å"Polls of the adult population in the United States since the 1960s show that the majority of the public has an over-all positive view of the police. Depending on the year and the particular measure used, the percentage of respondents with a positive assessment of police has been between 51 and 81 percent. When asked to assess service to their own neighborhoods, respondents tend to produce even higher evaluations. Relatively few citizens offer a negative assessment of police. (Gallagher et al. 2001).            Research also recognizes that Police Perception has a great impact on the success of the promulgation of Community Policing. Trojanowicz & Carter( 1991) discuss the philosophy and role of community policing. It points out that â€Å"Community Policing’s unique contribution is a radical departure from the past and the present. While today’s community policing efforts retain the best elements of the foot patrol programs of the past, they are intended to avoid both the old system’s abuses and shortcomings.†           In â€Å"Community Policing, Community Justice, and Restorative Justice: Exploring the Links for the Delivery of a Balanced Approach to Public Safety†Nicholl in 1999 with a report funded by Grant No. 98-CK-WX-0059 awarded to the National Victim Center by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. It discusses the concept of Community extensively, in a policy-maker’s perspective.  Liou & Savage make the connection between Community Policing Strategies and Public Perception of Police through their research â€Å"Citizen Perception of Community Policing Impact†This study examines the impact of community policing by analyzing citizens’ perception of crime and police work before and after implementation of a community-oriented policing program in three neighborhoods in the city of West Palm Beach, Florida. The study reveals very positive findings about the community policing, including: perception of decreased local crime, increased perception of police performance, neighborhood improvement, and police-community relationship. Implications concerning the relationship between the community and the police, and citizen satisfaction and public services are discussed.( Liou & Savage) Many other studies have been done to examine Police perception and these take into consideration different variables, being done in various settings.            Frank, Smith and Novak (2005) focused on the reasons why citizens have certain attitudes towards police officer. Their study â€Å"uses the survey responses of 613 residents of a Midwestern city to examine the information accessed by citizens when responding to questions regarding their general and specific attitudes toward the police. The findings suggest that citizens focus on attributes of agencies and encounters, some focus on the behavior of officers during interactions, and others base their attitudes on general perceptions of the occupation of policing.†           A comprehensive look at Police perception issues can be found in Brown & Benedict’s article â€Å"Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications†which is a research updates and expands upon Decker’s article â€Å"Citizen attitudes toward the police: a review of past findings and suggestions for future policy†by summarizing the findings from more than 100 articles on perceptions of and attitudes toward the police. Initially, the value of research on attitudes toward the police is discussed. Then the research pertaining to the impact of individual level variables (e.g. race) and contextual level variables (e.g. neighborhood) on perceptions of the police is reviewed. Studies of juveniles’ attitudes toward the police, perceptions of police policies and practices, methodological issues and conceptual issues are also discussed. This review of the literature indicates that only four variables (age, contact with police, neighborhood, and race) have consistently been proven to affect attitudes toward the police. (Brown & Benedict,2002)            In terms of application, several police departments have made their own studies on Police Perception. â€Å"Community Policing in Chicago an Evaluation of Chicago’s Alternative Policing Strategy† Prepared by The Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium was done in through a grant awarded to award to the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority in 2004. The â€Å"Portland Police Bureau 2005 Community Assessment Survey†was conducted for: City of Portland, Bureau of Police by Campbell de long resources Inc in August 2005 Police Assessment Resource Center and Vera Institute of Justice completed â€Å"Assessing Police-Community Relations in Pasadena, California†in 2006 . The Kentucky Crime Prevention Coalition, meanwhile, adapted the use of a Community Policing Survey. HYPOTHESIS H0= There is no significant percentage of Chesterfield Residents who have a have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department H1= There is a significant percentage of Chesterfield Residents who Have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department METHODOLOGY:            Taking into consideration the limitations in man power and resources for this research, a simple random sampling method was applied to come up with the survey results.            Based on the calculation for a 95 per cent confidence level and confidence interval of five, the sample size was 275.  The survey was conducted by distributing survey forms in several households around the Township of Chesterfield. Respondents were limited to Chesterfield residents above 18 years of age. Only one respondent per household was accepted.            These survey forms, consisting of eight simple questions pertaining to the residents’ perception of the police, which was based on survey forms used by other Police Departments as stated in the literature review. Only eight questions were included in the survey, because these questions focused on Police Perception. This is due to the scope and resource limitation stated earlier. A copy of this questionnaire is included in the appendix section of this paper            This study’s objective is to present data about Police Perception of the residents of the Township of Chesterfield in Macomb County in the State of Michigan. This research is done to show that the general perception of police in the sample population perceive the police positively.            The sample size was 275 respondents in the township of Chesterfield, which has a population of 446,962 in the  latest census in the year 2006. Based on a confidence level of 95 and a confidence interval of 5, the sample size is sufficient to estimate the response of this community regarding their perception of the Chesterfield Police Department.            Figure 1 shows the demographic breakdown of respondents by race. More than half of the respondents were Caucasians, which also reflected the actual population of Caucasians, 93 % of Chesterfield population, in the 2000 Census made by the US Census Bureau. In the sample population, 61 per cent was composed of Caucasian or white residents. Other races composes 14.5 percent and 12 percent were of African-American descent. Asians comprised 5.5 per cent and 4.4 % of sample population were Hispanics/Latino. Meanwhile, 1.1 per cent was American Indians and Pacific islanders compose on 0.7 per cent. Based on these figures, it can be surmised that the Chesterfield Township was predominantly Caucasian, in terms of the population. The relationship of this data to the results concerning Police Perception will be discussed later.            The study only included residents who were 18 years old of age and above. The data shows that majority of respondents were from the 18-29 age group, with a percentage of 39 of the sample population. The age group with the least number of respondents was that of residents 50-59 years old, representing only 9 per cent of the sample population. This signifies that the Chesterfield township has fairly young residents, as seen by the larger percentage of those below middle age.            Given the limited man power and resources, the author opt to estimate Police Perception using only eight questions adapted from other studies stated earlier. The first three questions were on how the community perceived police officers, based on their encounters. The fourth question estimated the residents’ opinion about the adequacy of the number of police officers in the community. The fifth, sixth and seventh questions estimated residents’ perception of police based on three parameters- behavior, ability to assess needs and relationship of police officers to residents themselves. The last question asked the residents to give their over-all perception by indicating their rating for the Chesterfield Township Police Department.            Figure 3 Police Perception Responses in Chesterfield Township Community shows the relationships of responses of residents to the first three survey questions. As evident in the chart, answers for the questions on police perception based on encounters follow a similar pattern, indicating that most respondents agree that police officers are prompt, professional and fair.            Figure 4 represents the respondent’s opinion on the need for more police officers in the community. Based on the results gathered, majority, 36.4 per cent , slightly agree that there is a need for more police officers in the community. As a whole, though, it can be seen that more residents disagreed and strongly disagreed, 14.5 and 7.3 per cent respectively, that there was further need for more police presence as compared to respondents who agreed,9.1 per cent, and strongly agreed,1.8 per cent to the augmentation of police visibility.            With regard to the Chesterfield community’s perception of Police based on three parameters, their responses follow a similar trend, as evident in Figure 5. In terms of behavior, 49 . 5 per cent rated police â€Å"Good†. 32. 7 % gave Chesterfield police officers a rating of â€Å"excellent†. â€Å"Fair was how 14. 5 per cent rated police in the community while 3.6 per cent did not know how to answer this question. In their ability to address the need of the community, Chesterfield police officers were again rated â€Å"Good†by 54 . 5 per cent of the residents.  An â€Å"Excellent†rating was given by 29.1 per cent, while â€Å"Fair†was what 11. 6 per cent deemed appropriate. There were 4.7 per cent of the population, though, that didn’t know how to rate their police officers. When it comes to relationships between Chesterfield residents and their community’s police, majority, 43.6 per cent chose to rate this, as â€Å"Good†, Fair was give as rating by 27. 3 per cent of the population and 21.8 gave an â€Å"Excellent†mark. There were 7.3 residents, though that were still unsure how to rate the Chesterfield community’s relationship with its police officers.            Based on this information, Police perception in the areas specified were rated â€Å"Good†by a majority of Chesterfield residents. This point out a positive view of the township’s police officers.            In relation to this positive response, the over-all rating of Chesterfield township community residents is seen in Figure 6. However, here, we see a shift of the rating from â€Å"Good†to Fair†. Apparently, most residents, 40.4 per cent particularly, perceive the Chesterfield Police Departments’ performance as â€Å"Fair†. Thirty two per cent believe that the township’s police deserve a â€Å"good†rating. Approximately 25 per cent believe their Police force is â€Å"Excellent†HYPOTHESIS TESTING            This limitation of this study has been presented in the previous chapters. It is important to reiterate that this is mainly, a descriptive study. However, for research purposes, the Hypothesis that â€Å" There is a significant percentage of Chesterfield Residents who Have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department†has been stated, with its corresponding null hypothesis â€Å" There is no significant lower percentage of Chesterfield Residents who have a have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department†. Based on the data presented, there is evidence to believe that on all eight questions, the community’s police perception leaned towards a positive image of the members of the Chesterfield Police department.            Although specific statistical tools were not applied on the data, the descriptive statistics show that the Hypothesis should be accepted and the null hypothesis are rejected. CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS            This study aims to observe the Chesterfield community’s perception of its police officers. Based on the data present, it is evident that most residents of this community hold a positive perception of their police officers. Descriptive Statistics show evidence of these, based on the percentages of positive responses.            This study, however is simplistic and there are a lot about Police perception these communities that should be evaluated so that they are translated into information that can improve the services of the Police Department.            The data gathered for this research however, can be a guide to others who will pursue such inquiry on Police Perception and who are interested in this area as a means on evaluation of Community Policing Programs, much like what other police departments have done in their respective communities.            It is important to point out, however, that more resource be invested in such an endeavor to be able to come up with data that is comprehensive and more accurate.            It is the hope of this author, though that this simple research has given a glimpse of the Chesterfield’s community’s perception of its police officers, and serve as a spring board to more advanced and relevant research.  REFERENCES: Annan, Sampson O.(1995) NATIONAL SURVEY OF COMMUNITY POLICING STRATEGIES, 1992-1993 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Washington, DC: The Police Foundation [producer], 1994. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], Brown, B. & Benedict W. (2002) Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues,           conceptual issues and policy implications Policing: An International Journal of Police              Strategies & Management, 25,543 – 580 Campbell Delong Resources, Inc.(2005) Portland Police Bureau 2005 Community Assessment  Survey Conducted for: City of Portland, Bureau of Police RETRIVED 27 APRIL 2008 from http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=105839 Chesterfield, Michigan. Podunk, The Power of Place retrieved 29 April 2008 from http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=21700  Frank, J, Smith, B.W., Novak, K.J. (2005)Exploring the Basis of Citizens’ Attitudes Toward                the Police Police Quarterly 8, 206-228 Gallagher, Maguire, E., Mastrofski, S., Reisig, D.(2001) â€Å"The Public Image of the Police:                     Final Report to The International Association of Chiefs of Police By The Administration                    of Justice Program George Mason University†. International Association of Chiefs of       Police retrieved on  28 April 2008 from      http://theiacp.org/profassist/ethics/public_image.ht Liou,K.T.& Savage,E.G. â€Å"Citizen Perception of Community Policing Impact†                          Public Administration and Management: An Interactive Journal. Retrieved on                           28 April 2008 from http://www.pamij.com/liou1.html Mission Statement. 2007. Chesterfield Township Police Department, retrieved 27 April 2008 from http://www.chesterfieldtownshippolice.com/mission.htm Nicholl, Caroline G. (1999).Community Policing, Community Justice, and                                             Restorative Justice: Exploring the Links for the Delivery of a Balanced Approach to Public Safety. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Police Assessment Resource Center & Vera Institute of Justice. (2006) â€Å"Assessing Police-Community Relations in Pasadena, California.†retrieved on 28 April 2008 from http://www.parc.info/client_files/Pasadena/Assessing%20Police%20Community%20Relations%20in%20Pasadena%20California.pdf Scaglion , R. & Condon, R. (1980) Determinants Of Attitudes Toward City Police.                              Criminology 17, 485–494 Sims, B., Hooper,M., Peterson S.A. (2002)  Determinants of citizens’ attitudes toward police:               Results of the Harrisburg Citizen Survey – 1999 Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25, 457 – 471 The Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium ( 2004 ) â€Å"CAPS at Ten :Community Policing in Chicago An Evaluation of Chicago’s Alternative Policing Strategy†.       Institute for Police Research retrieved 27 April 2008 from            http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/policing_papers/Yr10-CAPSeval.pdf Trojanowicz R.C. & Carter, D. The Philosophy and Role of Community Policing.                    The National Center for Community Policing, Michigan State University.                                             retrieved on 28 April 2008. fromhttp://www1.cj.msu.edu/~people/cp/cpphil.html
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Ballet and Giselle
Giselle is considered one of the great Romantic ballets. Romantic era was late 18th and early 19th centuries. The period mainly does not follow rational movements but rather Romantic ideas in art influence the ballets. Ballets in Romantic period focus on the conflict between man and nature where as others try to bring difference to ballets from other nations. Ballerinas stand in the forefront compared to male dancers. Giselle is one of the most popular ballerinas of the period and separate identity of the scenarist from the choreographers is distinguishing feature of Giselle as being a Romantic ballet. Both the classical version of Giselle and contemporary has the same story but different interpretations, as I will analyze them in this paper. Giselle is a peasant girl who is betrayed by love. At the beginning nobleman Albrecht introduces himself as a farmer to Giselle and she falls in love with him. However she is unaware that Albrecht is the Duke. They flirt and she completely falls in love. Another guy Hilarion who is also in love with her warns her but she cant realize anything because of her love. They dance a duet and her feelings become more powerful. Also her mother warns her that she is sensitive. After realizing Duke has a fiance she goes mad with a broken heart. Giselle takes Albrecht's sword and her death is a result of her weak heart. She becomes a ghost and the second act is called ‘white act,’ which takes place in the mental institution. The ballet deals with the powerful sources of nature. There are full of emotions and at the end love wins betrayal and death. There are similar and distinguishing features between contemporary Giselle by Matz Ele and classic Giselle. Classical ballet is combination of all ballet dances. Ballet has slow and fluid motion. There are unique motions, precise and graceful movements. Their dance style is long reminding jazz music. However, contemporary ballet is more modern. The movements are rapid, energetic and dynamic. There are sharp and expressive gestures. Giselle shows her feelings very clearly and doesn’t hide them. Her body movements reflect her happiness, anger and love obviously. For instance, in the classical one Giselle is not dancing as close as in the contemporary one. They are more formal and their dance is more elegant. In the contemporary one Giselle and Albrecht dance very close and they touch each other. In one part even Giselle hugs her love as a woman. These clear expressions are not shown in the classical Giselle. Giselle is more like an adult. She doesn’t bend down when she is sad or she doesn’t jump on Albrecht like a child. She reflects the classical period’s formal characteristics. There aren’t close relationships like touching her love and jumping on him. The music is discriminative between two versions of Giselle. Compared to classical one in contemporary ballet music is very modern. Ballerinas dance figures are compatible with the music as well. Classical dancer Giselle dances at more extreme tempos and perform more technical feats. However, in contemporary Giselle doesn’t wear ballerina shoes and she dances barefoot. Her feats move more naturally. Also her hand gestures alter. She doesn’t bow her elbows and hands in classical dance. She dances in an order without extreme gestures. In the contemporary one she does man gestures, which is different than her friends as well. Her personality differs since she behaves like a boy and a child. Also the horns are altering in both versions. The applause is not with full energy in the contemporary one. So even though they are the same plotted ballets they represent a different period’s characteristics with the music and ballets expressions. Is Giselle an ideal beauty or is she more realistic? This dilemma is more obvious in the contemporary one because there isn’t beauty, especially in the second act. Giselle is devastated after learning Albrecht has a fiance. They wear all white and there isn’t excellence. She looses her consciousness. There comes the same music with the first act where she was dancing with joy. She is completely defeated to her destiny. Her happiness falls with the disappointment, which can be seen, from the change in music, costumes and dance in both classical and contemporary one. The coerdeau ballets have geometrical shapes in both but their movements differ. In classical one there is more elegance compared to the compared to the contemporary one. In addition Giselle as being a romantic ballet do not follow rationality. Both versions have altering points when the music, movements, costumes and relationship between man and woman are compared however; they have the same plot with different interpretation.
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Is Chinua Achebe Correct in Asserting That Heart of Darkness Is Essentially a Racist Novel Essay
Chinua Achebe’s’ expresses his view on Heart of Darkness as an essentially racist novel and he is correct in saying this. His essay focuses mainly on the portrayal of the Congo as an ‘other world’ in which Conrad describes it to be an antithesis of Europe and the European standards and overall of civilisation as a whole. The racism presented by Conrad in the novel is evident through his manipulation of perspective and dehumanisation of the native Africans as discussed in Achebe’s essay. Joseph Conrad manipulates the perspective of the reader and the attitude they have towards the natives and Europeans alike through the bestowal of human expression to Europeans and the withholding of it from the Africans, as Achebe explains. When comparing the description of the two women, the African woman and European woman, the reader is able to depict a subtle yet definite difference in the way each woman’s expression is characterised. The African woman, who is seen to be as a mistress to Mr Kurtz, is illustrated as a very mysterious figure ‘’with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose’’ making her character unidentifiable. Whereas the European woman is talked about more clearly and the reader can easily recognise her character because she is given emotions and feeling, ‘’she had a mature capacity for fidelity, for belief, for suffering’’. In Conrad characterising each woman in such different ways, the reader feels as though the European woman is more relatable as opposed to the native woman who is not expressed with feelings. This lack of human expression in the description of the African woman, as commented on by Achebe, created a noticeable barrier between the complexity of natives and Europeans. For the most part, the natives are not given any dialogue but instead their speech is replaced with ‘’a violent babble of uncouth sounds’’. Achebe however, refers to two significant parts of the novel when native Africans are given English dialogue. These are when the cannibals request the humans to eat, ‘’catch ‘im. Give ‘im to us. ’’. As well as the famous announcement, ‘’Mistah Kurtzâ€â€he dead’’. When first read, the reader thinks of these as high points for the natives because they appear to be at the same level as the Europeans in terms of getting dialogue ithin the novel. Chinua Achebe opposes this by stating that in reality they constitute some of his best assaults as these examples of dialogue in fact degrade the natives. This changes the reader’s perspective into assume that through the use of grunts and incoherent speech they are inferior and inarticulate in comparison t o the language used by the Europeans. This difference in amount and quality of dialogue between the Africans and colonising Europeans contributes to making Heart of Darkness an essentially a racist novel. The novel reveals the Africans being reduced to metaphorical expanse of dangerous and dark jungle of animals into which the European colonists venture. Chinua Achebe is correct in criticising Heart of Darkness as a racist novel, this is seen particularly through Conrad’s dehumanisation of the Congolese natives. Throughout the novel Conrad’s descriptions of the natives are used to create the idea of uncivilised, savage being whom cannot be of the same standards as the Europeans. Conrad’s most effective way of dehumanising the African people is through his use of imagery, ‘’a whirl of black limbs, as mass of hands’’. This does not give the impression that these are human beings but instead that they are just parts of humans, therefore making them seem incomplete and inferior in comparison the way Europeans are described. This imagery is also important when Conrad describes native workers as ‘’decaying machinery’’, this creates the image that the Congolese are not valued as humans, as Europeans are, but rather as disposable articles who can easily be replaced after they have done their work. The language choices in which Conrad has made also have a great impact on the way the natives are perceived. By using phrases such as ‘’the beaten nigger groaned somewhere’’, the Congolese natives are referred to in a very uncivilised manner. A way in which no European would ever be described leads the reader to believe that the Africans are in fact inferior to the Europeans, making them less of a human. These descriptions make it evident that Conrad’s writing involving the natives made them appear beast-like and savage therefore dehumanising them in a way that can only be seen as racist. Although these racial depictions may not be used to knowingly dehumanise and objectify the Congolese people, Chinua Achebe rightly criticises Heart of Darkness as a racist novel. The constant comparison between the two cultures, African and European, are simply explained as one being civilised whereas the other is portrayed as savage. The unavoidable reality that Conrad’s descriptions of the natives were accurate expressions of the European perspective justifies Achebe’s assertion that Heart of Darkness is essentially a racist novel.
Friday, September 27, 2019
Organizational Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Organizational Behaviour - Assignment Example In news conveyance media, the comparison between the newspapers and television broadcasting shows the different constraints through which they undergo to achieve the goal of communication to the public and helps to determine how the operations in those media affect the behaviors of the involved individuals. In television broadcast of information, the involved use voice and video to elaborate the information that they want to present to their audience. This method ensures that the receiver of the information can be able to follow the progress of events in the situation in the covered scene. The method involves the use of voice to describe the events that take place at the scene. On the other hand, newspaper medium reports things that took place in the past times and the presenters of that information use descriptive words and photos of the scene to elaborate the transition of events. This method of spreading information implies that readers of the newspapers may not get the direct exc hange between the involved people unless they infer it from the description of the news reporter (Warner 525). In terms of behavior of the reporters in the television and the newspaper media, it is possible to determine those of the newspaper have to develop their descriptive ability so that they can achieve the goals. On the other hand, television reporters may use less description and reinforce it with the video of the events at the scene they have covered in the process of collecting information. In broadcasting, the newspaper reporters have to have abilities to choose the best way to present the information through developing captivating headlines. On the other hand, television reporters may not require headlines to the information they have to the people but they may start with a short summary of the news they have about the covered scenes during the news session. The newspaper medium of communication is efficient if the target receivers can read and understand the information contained. This means that newspaper presentation of news is limited to a smaller population who can read. Additionally, if an individual cannot read and understand the language in which newspaper information is presented, it means it would be impossible to communicate to such people. Another limitation of newspaper reporting is that it cannot present information immediately it has happened but presents things that happened in the past. This means that newspapers may not be effective in communicating urgent information because the process of collecting editing, preparing and distributing information in the newspaper is long (Warner 526). In broadcasting events to the public, television medium is effective because it can reach those who can understand the language of the news and makes the understanding of information easy by use of videos. The other thing that makes television broadcasting effective is that it can present live coverage of the scene of events. This makes the medium v ery efficient way of attaining the goal of communication especially when the there is an issue of emergency that the target population need to receive (Warner 526). In the process of presentation of information to the public,
Thursday, September 26, 2019
''Literature Review'' Topic-Causes of Falls In Elderly Patients Essay
''Literature Review'' Topic-Causes of Falls In Elderly Patients - Essay Example For this reason, it is necessary for health care providers to carefully detect the causes of falls in order to prevent and minimize the risks of falls. Based on the report of the National Health Statistics in England and Wales, the total number of fall and fracture during the year 2004 is 4,547. (National Statistics, 2006) Roughly 64.1% of the cases is unintentional, 32.5% is caused by osteoporosis. The remaining 2.2% and 1.2% is caused by suicide and undetermined probable homicide respectively. (See Table I in appendix– Incidence of Falls and Fractures in England and Wales on page 15) As I work in an elderly rehabilitation ward this topic is more relevant to my clinical area because elderly individuals are more prone to experience fall-related injuries. Seventy percent of accidental death among the elderly patients is due to fall. Most of the elderly individuals that suffer from hip fracture due to serious falls are not able to regain their normal level of function. (Stevens and Olson, 2000) The fact that this type of accidents could lead to the serious physical injury and death among the elderly individuals (Lipsitz, 1991), the causes of falls should be taken seriously in order to prevent and minimize the incidence of falls among the elderly individuals. Therefore, it is necessary to rehabilitate physical injuries due to fall (Muche and McCarty, 2006). In gathering concrete evidences regarding the causes of falls among the elderly patients, the author uses the search engines particularly ‘yahoo’ and ‘google’. Both search engines has been very helpful in enabling the researcher to locate relevant evidenced-based journal that comes from databases search such as dialog datastar: Medline, Embase, Pubmed, The Cochrane Library, Sumsearch, and Trip database. In searching for peer-reviewed journals, the author entered search
Product, Price, Distribution and Promotion Essay
Product, Price, Distribution and Promotion - Essay Example The choice of market assumes significance considering the high economic growth of the nation as well as the demand for quality healthcare in the nation. Intensity Level India emerges as one of the most favorable destinations for setting up a healthcare unit for cardiac ailments because of the huge market size. A research reports currently values the Indian healthcare industry at about 34 billion US dollars. This value is expected to reach up to the tune of 40 million dollars by the end of 2012. In addition to this the burgeoning population of the nation also adds to the profitability of the Indian market. In addition the lack of facilities with the government hospitals acts as a lucrative opportunity for the private sector considering the fact that approximately 80 percent of the healthcare spending is being done by the private sector in the nation (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2007, p.1-2). Marketing Mix Product The proposed cardiac super specialty center would have all the aspects that would provide world class treatment facilities. The hospital would have a narrow breadth with regards to the product offering and would only focus towards cardiac and heart ailments (Berkowitz, 2006, p.218, 219). Apart from separate wings like emergency, and outdoor, the hospital would also have dedicated Intensive Cardiac Care Units, High Dependency Units that would be equipped with latest machinery and equipments. In addition to equipments the hospital would also have quality paramedical staff including qualified nurses and attendants to regularly cater to the patients. Highly expert doctors would be kept as specialists for different ailments related to cardiac problems. In addition to this the hospital would also have tie ups with leading hospitals abroad and would have video conferencing facilities that would help the doctors to consult expert doctors from across the globe. The hospital would also have outdoor facilities for the patients. The hospital would have a 24 hour dedica ted emergency facility for catering to any emergency. Specialized trauma care centers would also be established to cater to patients suffering from severe trauma. Price The new healthcare unit would follow a premium pricing strategy that would be based on the level of specialized healthcare facilities being provided to the organization. A skim based pricing strategy would be adopted as the hospital would be targeting only premium segment patients who are more concerned about the quality of treatment and do not bother about the costs. This would help the hospital to earn better margins to maintain its sustainability and profitability. Maintaining a premium pricing strategy would help in generating greater financial viability and sustainability for the organization to grow and prosper in the future. The hospital would also have tie ups with leading insurance providers and would also provide cashless treatment to the patients based on the quantum of insurance coverage. High level of tr ansparency would be maintained in the billing section with prior consent from patients before initiating any treatment. As a part of corporate social responsibility the company would also provide free treatment to the needy patients. Three percent of the total bed strength would be reserved for charitable purposes. Place/Distribution The new hospital would be located in any of the top four metros of
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Essay on Horizontal Recruiters Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
On Horizontal Recruiters - Essay Example It is the only cemetery that is under the Armys jurisdiction while the other 113 are under the Veterans Administration. He notes that although these men and women who are buried there were once regular citizens like the people who come to read their names, they are seen as heroes. The Army has glorified these corpses as something that should be revered and that it is something that people should be humbled by because these soldiers laid down their lives for their country. The author also suggests that President Kennedy also became a heroic entity within the walls of Arlington because of his assignation and the fact that he is the most visited grave in the cemetery. He talks about the fact that although he was under court martial his father was able to get him out of it and this act led to him being elected president later. All of this information made the author angry about what he was seeing how the Arlington Cemetery as a tribute to the militarys need to emulate its victims. Another historical fact that he brings to light is the fact that Arlington was once named "Freedom Village" and it served as a place where free slaves were living just after Lincoln freed them. This was a place where they could receive permanent housing and community service. This was an established village for them for over 30 years. Unfortunately because it was under the jurisdiction of the Army, many residents complained that the living conditions were like living in slavery. After the war it was more difficult for the ex-slaves to get the help they needed and the federal assistance they were receiving was reduced. He makes the point that the Arlington National Cemetery brought this about and created a welfare state before there was welfare available to the nation. Another travesty that this young man is upset about is the fact that in Arlington National Cemetery blacks and whites could not be buried together. This created another way for the slaves to be separated within the
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
One-child policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1
One-child policy - Essay Example ture of global peace and development tend to focus on China’s economy, its defense and armaments buildup and China’s access to resources and energy. Yet, the one economic factor that is often overlooked in this analysis is China’s one child policy and it’s fast changing demography. China happens to be the world’s most populated nation. Right after the coming into existence of the People’s Republic of China, the nation experienced a propitious population growth owing to a better medical care and sanitation and this population growth was envisioned to be an advantage (Button 468). Mao Zedong believed that even if the population of China augmented manifold, the nation had the resources to cope up with it. However, a fast increasing population putting stress on the nation’s food security encouraged the government to opt for a one child policy in 1979, a measure that had both favorable and bad consequences for the nation’s economic g rowth, demographic configuration and socio-economic characteristics (Button 467). There is no denying the fact that in the case of underdeveloped nations, supporting and sustaining population in the light of the available scarce resources is a great challenge. In that context China had always been pursuing a very planned and systematic approach towards its population growth in a contemporary scenario. In the light of this fact, the nation introduced the one child policy in 1979, in an aggressive bid to improve its economic situation and to augment the people’s standard of living (Connor 1). The one child policy required the couples belonging to ethnic Han majority to limit themselves to a single child (Connor 1). Although, to begin with, the one child policy was intended to be a short term measure, the nation’s success in reducing the population count by 400 million motivated it to continue with a revised version of the one child policy till today (Connor 1). As per China’s one child policy the urban couples are
Monday, September 23, 2019
Critical Analysis of Pleasantville Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Critical Analysis of Pleasantville Film - Essay Example She tries to convince David, who thinks it is okay to be the way they were. The family set-up does not go well with her as she finds it boring and sort of a routine. She feels lost and does not belong in the town where people follow same patterns day in day out and where it is forbidden to have their personality. Jennifer, however, adapts to the new lifestyle as she finds the attention from boys and becomes famous. She together with David helps the people of Pleasantville to have their way of thinking (Simon 67-8). The second character is David, who is a quiet, unpopular kid who many people in Pleasantville depended on. He is a loner who is glad to be in Pleasantville, which he thinks of as an escape place. He grows to have leadership characteristics and earns color when he punches out a thug who was attacking his mom. He is protective of his sister and many people in the suburb depend on him for guidance and protection. He is glad that he ends up with a family with values and a home-cooked meal at dinner. His primary aim for the town is to have some flexibility and to be able to adapt to the new ways. He empowers the people of Pleasantville to have their mindset (Simon 67-8). However, it does not go so well as not everyone is for empowerment. David helped in putting out fire from a tree in the suburb. Initially, had been no fire in Pleasantville, and all the firefighters ever did was rescue a cat stuck in a tree. David brought to light and color to the firefighters as he helped them learn to put out a real fire. He is a romantic character when he becomes so happy that it rained for the first time in Pleasantville on the first date with Margaret. Margaret offers him an apple, and when it starts raining, David shields Margaret from the rain using his umbrella.
Sunday, September 22, 2019
Latin American transitions Essay Example for Free
Latin American transitions Essay Besides, scholars regard existence of effective multi-party political system in the country as a necessary element for ensuring efficient control of the society over authorities (Randall Svasand, 2001, p. 77). For example, party development is regarded among scholars as an essential element of democratization in Eastern Europe, the development of political parties was an omnipresent topic especially with regard to the new democracies in Africa, Asia and Latin America (Penna, 1998, p. 108). While definitions of democracy abound and there is little agreement on which factors contribute to bringing democracy about or to its consolidation, a recurrent refrain is the vital role that is played by parties. Surveying prospects for consolidation in sub-Saharan Africa, scholars suggests the key indicator is â€Å"the capacity to develop a political party system which is both integrative between different communities, and competitive between different parties†(cited in Randall Svasand, 2001, p.75). Similar conclusions about the importance of parties are being expressed by many experts in the field. Moreover, the role of parties has received especial attention in the literature on Latin American transitions. Scholars argue that in assessing prospects for democratic survival and consolidation in this region much may depend on political parties (Armijo, 2005, p. 2024). Scholars noted one more important aspect of political activities – that the extent to which political democracy and equality can be achieved in any society is a function of the distribution of access to political resources. They describe political resources as anything that can be used to influence government decisions: money, wealth, social standing, honor, reputation, legal status, knowledge, cognitive abilities, information, coercive capacity, organiza ¬tions, etc. (Penna, 1998, p. 105). It seems, then, that to democratize, access to these political resources must be distributed to a wider and wider circle of the population. This allows more and more people not only to participate in the political process, but to have influence over decisions. In this situation not only high art of political authorities is in demand, but in fact democratic structure of the parties and their ability to carry out effective dialogue with other parties functioning in the developing country to achieve consensus.
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Examining Real Estate Business In Bangladesh
Examining Real Estate Business In Bangladesh This research paper focuses on the marketing system of the real estate business in Bangladesh and also evaluates the market growth; as this rapidly growing business has become more popular in Bangladesh during the last fifteen years. For that reason this paper will firstly evaluate the real estate business culture in Bangladesh. Secondly the marketing system will be critically appraised and finally recommendation will be given on how to improve this business. Chapter 1: Introduction Today the real estate business is one of the fastest growing businesses in Bangladesh and it plays an important role in the Bangladeshi economy. This research paper focuses on the marketing system of the real estate business in Bangladesh. Presently Bangladesh is a developing and also over populated country. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. This city is very important for everything because everything is based on this city. For that reason this city is densely populated. From 1985 the concept of living in a flat has been started and also the real estate business has become more popular. The slogan used by the business is our creation your dream. This is a dream about someones home. This topic was chosen because many people know very little about Bangladesh and Bangladeshi business and because of my own interest and personal experience. This paper will firstly evaluate the real estate business culture in Bangladesh. Secondly the marketing system will be critically appraised. Finally recommendations will be given on how to improve this business. Chapter 2:Literature Review Bangladesh is a developing country, and as is common in many such countries, everything is centralized so every business based in Dhaka city. Now a days Dhaka is a overpopulated city. That is the main reason for the growth of real estate business, because people needs more house for living. More than 260 companies are working or doing business in Dhaka(According to REHAB 2004)Real Estate Housing Association of Bangladesh. So it is proof that real estate business is rapidly growing business in Bangladesh. This research paper focuses on marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Today marketing is one of the important part for all kinds of business. It is true that if in the company marketing system is strong than the business of this is doing well. So here in this research paper will be evaluate some true marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Because marketing starts with human needs and wants. People need food, air, water, clothing, and shelter to survive. Beyond this, people have a strong desire for recreation, education, and other services. They have strong preference for particular versions and brands of basic goods services. Kotler,P.(1998). Chapter 3:Methodlogy In this research my specific and investigating area is real estate business in Bangladesh. This research is totally literature based; in addition it will evaluate the marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. To make this research valid and reliable, I am trying to show the true marketing system in Bangladesh. It was difficult to find specific books in this area. This research would have been better if there had been time to do empirical research. It would have been appropriate to use questioners and interviews with the people who are working in the real estate business. This research could have also been more presentable if the questioners and interviews involved a large sample of real estate business in Bangladesh. However there was not too much time or resources to do this. This research paper hopes to show what kinds of marketing system the real estate companies are using in their business and what is their strategy for their products and their services for their target customers. Because Marketing is an orderly and insightful process for thinking about and planning for markets. The process starts with researching the market place and understand its dynamics. This marketing process involves segmenting with the market and choosing those target customer that the company can satisfy in a superior way.(Kotler.1998) Therefore in this research paper I evaluate the real estate business culture, critically appraise the real estate marketing system and recommend how to improve the growth rate of this business in Bangladesh. Chapter 4: Finding and Analysis Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and one of the most overpopulated city in the world. This city is home of more than 12.8 million people estimated as of 2008 according to the Dhaka City Corporation. This population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per year that is one of the highest rates in the Asian city. On the other hand according to Far Eastern Economic Review this city Dhaka will become a home of 25 million people by the year of 2025(Wikipedia).So day by day people are increasing and housing demand also increasing. So this is the main opportunity for real estate business. Because as a developing country is quite difficult for government to provide such a big fundamental needs like housing. As a result private real estate companies come forward to meet the needs of the increasing housing demand. Land development and construction of apartments is the concern of a real estate business. This business major construct area is residential and commercial buildings to sell them and make profit. Now this business is rapidly growing and one of the most popular business in Bangladesh. According to REHAB(Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh,2004) in Dhaka there are 250 companies doing this business. This is show that what a rapidly increasing business. On the other hand this business also plays an important role in Bangladeshi economic. However most of the Bangladeshi real estate companies marketing system almost same. These marketing system based on four things: Thinking about apartments or housing. Level of income. Standard of living. Style of living. Most of the Bangladeshi real estate company applying this kinds of things for finding as a potential customer. On the other hand customer also classify by the real estate companies. Because housing is not a major problem for rich people but it is big problem for middle and lower income people. So companies are specially targeted middle income and lower income customers. Because a house is their ultimate dream for this kinds of customers. For that reason most of the real estate company investing lots of money for promoting their products for their target customers. Such as : Advertisement Newspaper, Television, Neon Sign Billboard Personal selling This is one of the major things to maintain good relation with the customers. On the other hand a number of employees are working for the company in indoor and outdoor for sales the particular products. Sales promotion Sales promotion is another important things for real estate company. Sometime the company offers discount, Gifts, service price off and many other things for selling their products. Publicity Buy on instalments Size start with 750sft to 1800 sft.(square Feet) This is the marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Chapter5:Conclusion Bangladeshi real estate business is one of the most profitable and popular business. If real estate companies have liabilities about their customers than government have also some liabilities about this business. So government needs take necessary steps or roles to protect this business. Every year the Bangladeshi government earns approximately more than 1500 core taka as a revenue. On the other hand more than 25laks people are working with this industry REHAB(Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh) in 2008. So this is show that the growth rate of the real estate business in Bangladesh. However the marketing system is a process which can be improve day by day with proper market research and strong marketing planning. So real estate companies needs to find out the potential buyers and strong relationship with their customers. It can be very effective to selling their product for their target customers. Chapter 6:Recommendations However now real estate business is very popular in Bangladesh but most of the companies do not have proper market research and marketing plan. Because most of companies do not have longer period marketing plan. So most of the Bangladeshi real estate company needs proper marketing research which start with planning well in advance of the implementation, analysis, management review, and good coordination between customers. In addition most of the Bangladeshi real estate companies needs strong customer care. Because this business totally customer based. All marketing strategy is built on STP-Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning. A company discovers different needs and groups in the marketplace, targets those needs and groups that it can satisfy in a superior way, and then positions its offering so that the target market recognizes the companys distinctive offering and image.(P.Kotler,K.L.Keller,2006) So this marketing strategy can improve the real estate business in Bangladesh. Chapter 7:Reflections of learning In this research paper I am learning lots of things such as how to write a research paper in a right order. Because this is my first research paper. When I started my research I was facing lots of difficulties but day by day I learn lots of things about a research paper and how to write it. May be in my research paper I have lots of errors and mistakes. But I know that it is all about learning process because this learning process helps me lots in my future studies .In addition I wants to thanks International Study Canter and specially my course teacher because they are deign such an important course for the students who wants to study in the postgraduates level. Appendices Committed to PEOPLES RIGHT TO KNOW Vol. 5 Num 50 Fri. July 16, 2004 Business Rehab housing fair in New York next month Star Business Report In a bid to promote the countrys housing and real estate business by wooing Bangladeshis living in the US, the Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh (Rehab) is going to organise a five-day housing fair next month in New York.The event titled Rehab-Biponon Housing Fair 2004 will begin on August 19 at Quality Hotel Hampstead in New York city. Rehab is organising the fair in association with Biponon, a US-based marketing company.Describing the objectives of the fair, Rehabs Senior Executive Member Ziaul Ahsan said the fair would encourage expatriates to build their houses in Bangladesh as well as attract foreign investors to the country. Through this fair, the expatriates will get the opportunity to know all about the housing business in Bangladesh, he said. We think if they know about our real estate sector, they will move to invest in the sector.Ahsan said the exhibition would contribute to earning more remittance from the US and making more foreign investment in the count rys real estate sector.A total of 29 Rehab member companies will take part in the fair. They are Building Technology and Ideas Ltd, Hamid Real Estate Construction Ltd, Sheltech (Private) Ltd, Eastern Housing Ltd, East West Property Development Private Ltd, Latif Real Estate Ltd, Bosoti Consortium Ltd, Suvastu Development Ltd, Hasan and Associates Ltd, Amin Mohammad Group, Rangs Properties Ltd, Tropical Homes Ltd, Building for Future Ltd, Ena Properties Ltd, Concord Real Estate and Building Products Ltd, Brac Concord Lands Ltd, Bangladesh Development Company Ltd, Borak Real Estate (Private) Ltd, Living Stone Ltd, Equity Property Development Private Ltd, Japan Garden City Ltd, Al-Hasan Developers Ltd, NM Housing Ltd, Sumona Private Ltd, Rupayon Housing Estate Ltd, Mega Builders Ltd, Assurance Develop-ments Ltd, Building Development and Design Ltd and Crescent Holdings Ltd. According to Rehab, its 145 members delivered 70,000 to 80,000 apartment units to their customers in last 20 year s. Besides, they have been delivering 4,000 to 6,000 plots a year.The Rehab statistics show the annual turnover of the real estate sector amounts to Tk 7,500 crore and the government earns Tk 700 crore in revenue a year from the sector. About 15 lakh skilled and unskilled labourers are working in this sector. Example: Published On: 2007-11-25 Business REHAB fair ends with commitment to lower cost urban housing Sumon Salah Uddin A salesperson (right) busy briefing a visitor at a stall at the annual REHAB housing fair that concluded yesterday in Dhaka. Photo: STAR Real estate companies yesterday pledged to develop lower cost urban housing solutions in order to meet the growing demands for affordable homes in the capital. This is the right time to shift our focus to lower cost apartments instead of luxury flats, said Mohammad Zakir Hossain, senior sales executive of Rangs Properties.According to Hossain, developers are now planning most of their new projects targeting middle class people who make between Tk 20,000 and Tk 40,000 a month. Talking to The Daily Star on the final day of the 5-day housing fair organised by the Real Estate Housing Association of Bangladesh, Hossain said his company currently has no apartment of less than 1450 square feet in size. However, the management is planning new projects to meet the growing demands for smaller flats within the price range of Tk 15 lakh to Tk 20 lakh. A number of factors, including soaring construction costs and the governments drive against black money, have contributed to a sharp fall in the s ale of apartments, which are down around 50 percent so far this year, according to REHAB. Hossain said proper urban policy and the right public infrastructure are necessary to build lower cost housing, especially in the suburbs. The land price in the central areas of big cities is so high that it is often hard to keep the apartment price low. If the government builds proper infrastructure like highways and a good public transport system, developers will start to build lower cost housing projects in the suburban areas, he said. Eastern Housing Ltd, a developer of plots for urban housing, said it didnt have any more land plots to sell. All the plots in our land projects are sold out. We are now introducing two new mid-sized apartment projects in the capitals Kamalapur and Panthapath areas, said Mohammad Farhaduzzaman, assistant manager of the company. Aminul Islam Tareq, senior marketing executive of Rupayan Housing Estate Ltd, said the company had received a huge response from potent ial customers at the show. The response was more than expected, thanks to our newer projects in Uttara and Mirpur, he said, adding that Rupayan recently started building smaller apartments to attract customers from mid-income earners who cannot afford to pay more than Tk 30 lakh. Despite the slump in the real estate sector, there was little evidence of a lack of enthusiasm among the crowds at the jam-packed fair.While the focus was on the lower cost solutions a few luxury developers could be found, one such being Building Technology Ideas (bti) Ltd, who said their primary focus would still be on luxury living. We just got approval for 10-storied projects in Gulshan and Banani areas under the Building Construction Rules 2007. Our focus still remains on exclusive privacy, environmental friendliness and more space, said an executive of the company.
Friday, September 20, 2019
The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay
The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay Development on the whole is a complex teleological concept; it constitutes a direction and an end it involves various stages and is certainly not as simple as it seems. The view of development is used to provide meaning and order to changes that occur over time in childrens development. Development involves biological, emotional and psychological changes that take place in humans between the period of birth and towards the end of adolescence, as they progress from dependency to autonomy. During prenatal stage, developmental changes are strongly influenced by genetic factors and other events. There are various different concepts embedded in the view of development that, upon watching it closely does not seem so obvious. The idea of development is clear but the directions, mechanisms and ends of development are not so obvious. The aim of this essay is to discuss a controversial issue in developmental science enflamed by nativists, that is whether it is qualitative or quantitative proce sses that assist us in different developmental aspects. With the perspective of dynamical systems theory this essay defends qualitative change by briefly discussing dynamical systems theory briefly due to word count limit provided for this essay. This essay also shows that qualitative and quantitative changes should not be considered in opposition as they are aligned phenomenons that they very much work hand in hand across different time scales and play a fundamental role in developmental processes. Qualitative change refers to when individuals progress in developmental stages results in them becoming different than how they were earlier or continuous gradual accumulation of small changes e.g. the way children behave, think and perceive the world in a different manner as they mature or after acquiring language children look at the world in a completely different manner, as now he/she is able to give names and now have the ability to think about abstract objects that do not have concrete reality. Whereas quantitative change occurs as a result of continuous acquisition of novel information and experiences. Children grow physically stronger and bigger and acquire sophisticated knowledge for instance a child who after being two years old has grown few inches and has gained 12 pounds, so growth in weight and height indicates quantative differences. Essentially big sudden changes in development, as simple as they seem are actually result of a accumulation of gradual various miniature changes, that are even hard to notice sometimes for instance it might seem that children start walking suddenly, but is a result of rather series of small changes in development which involves steady growth and strengthening of muscles that can assist the child to lift the body weight. Child development shows a mixture of both types of qualitative and quantitative changes in processes and they are equally important. Children advances in cognitive abilities in terms of processing of information, younger children are unable to hold a number of objects in their memory in compare to older children (quantitative change). The memory of older children is qualitatively different as they are capable of using various strategies e.g. organization of information and practice to improve the number of information they can hold in their memory but younger children do not use these strategies (quantitative change) as they are not aware of them. Between 4 and 10 months in children, qualitative change shows how categories are learned and represented possibly because of the onset of language emergence in children. The idea of transformational change and continuity in development has been popular points of controversy in the history of science. In the past two decades growing number of theories claimed of continuity amongst infants and older children abilities. Most of these theories come from nativist tradition, by showing infants amazing abilities and their seeming association to forms of cognition (e.g. Meltzoff Moore, 1977; Wynn 1992). Kagan (2008) claims that theories of continuity are exaggerated e.g childrens capability to use complex semantic networks are qualitatively different from infants ability to form perceptual schemata in looking tasks. The empirical evidence of childrens competence is on insignificant grounds as empirical record is based on single measure of infants performance which was the final looking time and is influenced by a lot of factors and has been overlooked in the past by psychologists and researchers interested in revealing early competence in children. This essay uses an example of development of dynamical systems view, theoretical framework in order to understand the two important issues of whether development occurs through qualitative or quantitative processes. The aim is to define qualitative development from a dynamical systems view. I argue that qualitative changes in structural organization of behaviour happens at the time scale of behaviour the second to second time scale of thoughts, actions, emotions. This idea states that the changes that occur over development and learning is due to qualitatively different behavioural states and depends upon the stability and infants or childs flexible shifting from one state to the other state. Dynamical systems theory was introduced to developmental science by Thelen and Smith (1994) with the publication of (A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action). During the past two decades concepts of Dynamical systems theory has been applied to various phenomenas for example motor development (Corbetta Thelen, 1996), socio emotional development (Lewis Lamey Douglas, 1999), cognitive development (Spencer et al; 2007). DST determines that development is a non linear process (Thelen 1989), which states that movement in children is not developed in a continuous steady rate and in a continuous manner, but it goes through lots of changes in a sub system which eventually results in the whole system to be able to shift and consequently results in a novel motor behaviour (Smith Thelen 1993). What does qualitative mean? For various developmental researchers the term qualitative refers to transformational change which is creating something novel that is not associated to something old for instance caterpillars transforms in to a butterfly from a cocoon, what goes in to the cocoon does not really similar to what comes out. Is that a qualitative change? Is it not obvious that there has to be some biological connection between the caterpillar and the butterfly? Is it the transformation or continuity as well as discontinuity or could it be that perceptual schemata might be connected to the appearance of the initial semantic network? In the past abrupt and transformational changes were thought to show qualitative rearrangements in development but when examined at finer levels of detail they tend to be more continuous. (Adolph, Robinson, Young, Gill- Alvarez, in press; Siegler, 1994; Siegler, 1996). DST defines qualitative frame work in a precise manner showing evidence of identification of qualitative change process, and the connection between qualitative and continuous changes. The qualitative transformation with regards to DST takes place when a system shifts from one attractor condition via stability to another attractor condition. Dynamical systems are defined as mathematically modelled systems that use equations which show the rate of change of one system of variable at each moment in time. If the current state of the system and its direction of change which is how fast the system is moving along in a line assists us to use the current state, add the amount of change and then it is possible to predict where the system will be at the next point over time. Successful completion of this process can lead to the possibility of us to learn in detail the development of a child and to predict each step along the way. The issue is that dynamical developmental systems are really complex. We are unable to understand all the details of a complex system, so we have to go for something simple. We have to learn how the system acts around certain specific points known as attractors, which enable the system to gravitate over time. The complication is that these attractors have the capability to change themselves. When a qualitative transition takes place in a dynamical system it shifts from being in the local territory of one attractor to losing that attractor and gravitating toward a new one. The question stands is that how do we learn when one attractor becomes unstable and other one appears this process is known as bifurcation review Braun, (1994). There are three important critical points to be considered. First one is that qualitative change in DST is dependent on the change in the attractor states of the system which is a shift from state of stability through instability in to a different attractor state. Second one is that just by observing the system behave in time cannot explain the processes involved in the system, thirdly there is an important association between continuity and qualitative change within DST. Qualitative changes arise from continuous changes in various aspects of the system e.g. when a neural system is moved through a small change in self excitation from a perceptual state to working memory state. Changes in the dynamics of system are often seen as shifting of attractor wells. Various categories of action appear as infants shift from reaching to crawling to walking and so forth. At specific time in development the collection of wells grasps potential actions. And the depth of different wells grasps the stability of the specific action type. Table no 1 shows various developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004). DST states that infants can self assemble, novel motor attributes in new situations. It also states that development occurs in individual children solving unique issues in their own ways. Thelen suggests that every child is different with regards to their body, their experiences and nervous system. It is impossible to predict the course of development. The research carries on. Conclusion: This essay discussed whether it is qualitative or quantitative changes that assist developmental processes in human beings. Child development involves both qualitative and quantitative growth processes and the emergence of differentiation capabilities over time. The challenge of dynamical systems is to learn and understand development, how qualitatively novel attractors appear in real time and how they become stable and accessible to promote development. This essay defends qualitative shifts as they play such a vital role as to what emerges over development is all about. The important thing is that qualitative and quantitave (continuous, gradual) shifts or changes should not be held in opposition. The view of qualitative and quantitative changes should go hand in hand. DST provides defence of qualitative development, a frame work to understand the connection amongst qualitative and quantitative development and pushes our learning and understanding of development towards l ocal time scale where continuity and appearance go hand in hand in order to produce novel things from something that is old. Table 1: Seven developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004) Theory Nature vs. Nurture Qualitative vs. Quantitative Social Learning Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Biological Maturational Nature Quantitative and qualitative Ecological Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Psychosocial Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Cognitive Developmental Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Behaviorist Nurture Quantitative Sociocultural Interaction of nature and nurture, with more emphasis on nurture Quantitative
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Homeless Families in America Essay -- Homeless Families, 2015
There is not anything quite as satisfying as a good night’s rest before a busy day of school and dance team practice. It is Monday morning, when I crawl out of a comfortable bed of soft-cotton sheets and fuzzy throw blankets. My iHome alarm clock sounds a dreamy melody of ocean tides to wake me from a peaceful slumber. I step into slippers, put together a matching outfit, and grab the New York Times on my way into an all-you-can-eat dining hall. When I relax to a full tray of breakfast, I come upon an ad that makes me feel guilty about my standard of living. The advertisement is not in color, but the creative black font on the page gets my attention anyway with the words â€Å"For the first time in history†. I continue to read about devastation to humanity, and I immediately lose my appetite. Although an illustration takes up less than a tenth of the page, its powerful image draws me into the announcement. The featured collapsing â€Å"shelters†are real pictures mounted to an animated background of both urban and rural lands. These slums look rancid and polluted. I see shanties made of scrap metal and plastic. I see shacks made of old branches and mud. I am sure that certified building inspectors would never pass these â€Å"homes†with superior or even satisfactory ratings. Then I begin to doubt myself. Suddenly my breakfast doesn’t taste so appetizing. I am struck with guilt, so I feel a moral obligation to look into the efforts of Slam the Door on Poverty Housing! Curious about the issue, I research the housing project online. As I type away at my new laptop computer, mindlessly snacking and sipping bottled water, I can’t hold myself back from crying after seeing a horrific slideshow of people living in conditions unimaginable to me. The ... ...We will be judged by ‘I was hungry and you gave me to eat. I was naked and you clothed me. I was homeless and you took me in’†. It is my hope that many people take heart in this project. Like the advertisement in the newspaper exemplifies, the planet should not have masses of people living in such underdeveloped environments that they risk death to preventable diseases, have trouble finding ‘safe’ water and struggle to find a bite of food. Privileged families of the world are needed in conjunction with endorsers of the effort, like the United Nations, to effectively wipe out homelessness. With encouragement from the words of Millard Fuller, â€Å"many hearts and minds must go through a radical transformation. With God: all things truly are possible!†Works Cited World Habitat Day 2007. October 1, 2007. Slam the Door on Poverty Housing. http://www.slamthedoor.org
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
letter from john foulcher to editor Essay -- essays research papers
Dear Editor My name is John Foulcher, renowned Australian poet. I have recently been surfing the World Wide Web and by accident I come up with your site, â€Å"Online Anthology of Australian Poets†. The subject matter of poetry attracted me to wonder around your website. I believe my poetry should be included in your collection for I have lived and breathed Australian culture for just over 50 years now, I have recorded my way of life in my poems, and in particular I have a specific poem to refer to you, that is of my own and two others (also of my own work) that I think are you should seriously consider having in your collection. The first poem I think you should consider in adding to your list of poems is â€Å"For the Fire†, this poem was about the time I went in to the forest to get some lumber, and during my time there I noticed some of natures creations around me, like the kookaburra and wind that swerved in and out of the trees etc. The purpose of the poem was to express my interests of nature and how I felt and what I experienced when I was in the woods at that time. There’s also that life and death aspect in this poem, in which the bird has the lizard in his mouth and also by the word â€Å"fire†. The use of alliteration, tone, mood, theme and other elements that construct a well balanced poem are in this piece of literature. In the first stanza the sentence, â€Å"it’s a singular, human thud†, this line creates a picture in the mind that there’s feel of isolation and lonesomene...
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Creative play writing – Monologue
Rob is a thirty-five year old man, married to Lucy and has one child named Luke aged three. The monologue is set with him sitting in a chair at home holding his sons teddy, reflecting on his life. However it wasn't always like this†¦. Pause Waste of money these are (picking up Luke's teddy). Luke never plays with it! At least he has a roof over his head and a nice loving family. It wasn't like this for me when I was a child. I was never loved or properly cared for, I never used to get what the other kids did for Christmas and my birthday. That's why I left home when I was seventeen, went on the streets looking for work and that's when I got in to the habit. I just couldn't stop. I made frequent visits to Tom, the alcohol related doctor about my drink problem. The one that stands out the most was when I was about twenty and it was my birthday. I went to the pub, like usual with whatever money I could find or steal to pay for the drink. I don't remember much of the night except for the landlord telling me I had had too much and that the drink I was drinking was my last one. He had told me time and time again to get out because the pub had been closed for half an hour. I don't remember anything else but waking up in the alcohol unit at the local hospital feeling very ill with awful pain in my throat and chest. Yes, my stomach had been pumped out†¦again. â€Å"Not you again ROB!†Tom had said annoyingly. I could tell Tom had had enough of my visits and this time was going to do something about it. †No more drink Rob, how many times, you cant live this way anymore†I clearly remember him saying. At the time I didn't agree with any of this but in hindsight he was totally right, although I was young and foolish at the time. Tom tried his very best to help me by giving social services a call, who came and spoke to me about my alcohol addiction and accommodation. They said they would help move me out of the â€Å"rough area of Birmingham†. I bluntly refused saying things like â€Å"I'm fine†and â€Å"I don't need any help†, when quite plainly I did! Pause A few days later a got a job in a local cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. I was on three pound fifty an hour as well, which of course all went on booze. As I didn't know many people I often felt depressed and very lonely. The only thing that kept me going was that one day things would be different, things would change. How lucky I turned out to be†¦. Pause I lost the job in the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, due to not turning up in the mornings, on several occasions, due to hangovers. Life wasn't good, I just couldn't help myself drinking, I just couldn't stop. As I had no money to buy the drink with I went a few days without it. I became very ill, and had no money to even get some medicine or pills. I tried committing suicide several times, although thankfully unsuccessfully, and was found by this oldish woman, about sixty or so, lying on a park bench dying. Oli Lee 4P She took me by the hand saying â€Å"I'll help you son†, and I gratefully followed her. We walked back to her car (which I immediately thought of stealing, but I couldn't drive) and got in. As left the park, back to her house I thought that I should give her a chance and not steal anything and see where it got me. When we did eventually get back to her house Madge, which I later found out was her name and was married to Pete who was at the time out on business, quickly got me inside and fed me. â€Å"Come on eat this†, she said encouragingly, offering me a roast dinner. I accepted and ate it all very quickly. It was the nicest meal I have ever tasted and still remember it to this day. I had some medicine to help my desperation for alcohol which I had mentioned to her and then had a bath and went to bed. Pause I clearly remember waking up to the large silhouette of a man leaning over the bed staring at me. â€Å"Hello son†, he had said. â€Å"Madge has told me all about you. Says she's seen you regularly in the park looking for food and shelter. Says you might need help?†I said nothing. Who did he think he was, how did they â€Å"know†me? How does HE know I need help? I kept all these thoughts to myself though which proved a very good decision. My gut reaction was to steal what I could and get out of there, but they had taken me in so I didn't follow the reaction. It turned out that Pete was the manager of a large computer group, Packard Bell. He was looking for a new receptionist type person for his company's warehouse. When he asked me to do this, I accepted without any questions. This was a major turning point in my life. Madge and Pete were extremely kind, and I worked as the receptionist there for about three years. I knew that I had outstayed my welcome with Madge and Pete so I bought a house, just down the road, with the money I had saved and bonuses Pete had given me. Pause Scene is set in his living room with his wife Lucy sitting next to him. Life was great, a far cry from when I was an alcoholic living on the streets. I had even met a woman named Lucy to whom I am now married. We have a son called Luke who is just starting Nursery school. I could never have dreamt this would happen and it is all down to Madge and Pete. I have also been reunited with my own family who are very proud of me for changing my life and finding happiness now.
Monday, September 16, 2019
A certain idea Essay
The â€Å"ports†are referring to new places that an individual should visit and see for the first time. Mother of pearl and the other precious stones and items are imageries of the important joyful moments in life and achievements; whether they are large moments like achieving a goal or just a small moment where something happens along your way to accomplishing your goals, they are all equally important and precious. The author states in the poem that Individuals should not let anything get in the way of achieving their goals and should never give up. â€Å"The Laistrygonians and the Cyclops, angry Poseidon†are allusions to three types of beings who are powerful and seeked to delay or destroy Odysseus on his return journey from Troy to Ithaca. . If an individual wanted to swim the channel but could not swim that would be their Cyclops or if a person wanted to be a singer but had a lisp that would be their angry Poseidon. Throughout Odysseus’ journey he encountered many challenges but he was determined to return to Ithaca and to his wife so he managed to overcome the challenges due to the fact that he was aware of what he wanted and did not let anything get in his way. This lesson transcends into everyday life as well, therefore the author is expressing that if an individual is aware of their goals in life they should be determined to achieve them. They should, like Odysseus, not let challenges and problems in life interfere with their ultimate aim to achieve their goals. An individual should not just give up as soon as a difficulty arises, â€Å"Do not fear them†, otherwise the individual will never get anywhere in life and later on will most likely feel some form of regret towards not attempting to get past the problem that arouse. The author clearly explains that if an attempt is made to overcome the problem, then it should not interfere with the goals due to the fact that this will lead to the individual ceasing to see them as a problem and see them more as another goal to complete, throughout the journey of life. â€Å"you will not meet them unless you carry them in your soul, unless your soul raise them up before you†, shows that as long as a person is thinking positively and is determined that anything can be achieved.
Sunday, September 15, 2019
AIDS: Impacts Escalate From Families to the World
The world always poses innumerable threats to humankind’s health and well being. Famine, flood, earthquakes, war, terrorism, epidemics and natural disasters riddle our lives with tragedy. One of the most terrifying of these killers remains silent and unseen even though it may lurk beneath the very skin of those individuals you cherish most.This terrifying phenomenon has traveled throughout the world and has settled into even the most prosperous nations. Medical advancements, educational programs and government policies have not had success in subduing the spread of this biological executioner. For over three decades, the AIDS virus has run rampant across the globe.As time goes on we see more infections and fewer solutions to the ongoing problems this virus leaves in its wake. The AIDS virus has caused a great deal of substantial and devastating impacts worldwide. To better understand those impacts, a review of the virus and its capabilities will reveal just what a powerful inf ection this microorganism causes.At first, the AIDS virus appears harmless. It does not bring about immediate impending death or even directly harsh and noticeable symptoms. Unlike that of the dreaded avian bird flu virus which killed several people in Asia with in a matter of days, the AIDS virus can afflict a body for over a decade before death ensues.This happens as a result of the immune deficiency that AIDS causes in a body. The virus itself would not bring about mortality, but for the fact that hampers its host’s immune system, leaving the person susceptible to contracting other illnesses and disease. Chronic illnesses can last for years, can reoccur constantly, and finally can destroy the AIDS afflicted individual once their immune system has broken down to the point of no survival.In this respect unlike other infections AIDS slowly kills its host, and during that slow period of transition can render a person completely incapacitated with other illnesses. This aspect o f the disease has just as much impact on the world as the impending deaths that follow.The AIDS virus transmits itself through contact with body fluids. This means, blood, semen, saliva and other body fluids have the potential to infect others. Unprotected sexual intercourse has most often received the blame for transmission, or perhaps most often gets popular media coverage.Similarly, AIDS transmission also occurs like wildfire among drug users who contract the virus using contaminated hypodermic needles. Sadly enough, cases in which a mistaken blood transfusion held the virus has also caused infection. AIDS also passes from mother to unborn child. So if the mother incurs the infection prior to giving birth, her child will likely have HIV as well.Unfortunately the threat of contracting AIDS increasingly impacts the world as lack of funding and education lead to misinformed populations.While there exist medical treatments for individuals afflicted with AIDS, the treatments only subd ue the symptoms of the virus for a time rather than eradicate the illness completely.The medical world has had considerable trouble controlling the AIDS virus and formulating a vaccine for it because of, â€Å"the ability of a virus to change its genetic structure, which, in turn, changes the very proteins in the envelope that would be targeted by a vaccine.Exactly why some viruses shift so drastically and the AIDS virus seems to be able to change its colors as fast as the classic chameleon of the viral world, the flu virus  is unclear†(Langone 150).As the previous statement explains, the rapidly mutating virus makes it nearly impossible to replicate the correct variables for an effective antibody. This impacts the world leaving the medical field at a loss for answers and people at a loss for cures.More personally, the AIDS virus impacts families around the world. When men of the family incur the virus, they most likely will unknowingly transmit it to their wives as well. Men, who act as the predominant financial supporters of the household find their health and their ability to provide for their loved ones failing.When the patriarch cannot work and bring home finances the family may find itself sliding into poverty. Especially if healthcare providers learn of the man’s illness and refuses to pay the vastly incremental costs that the malady can accrue over time.So, as the men of families contract and struggle with the affliction, the rest of the family feels the impact and later as we shall see so does the rest of the world.Women feel just as much impact from the AIDS virus and possibly more. If their husbands have unknowingly contracted the virus, chances are that wives will then incur the infection from their spouses. In some cases women in this situation may conceive children which will also have the virus upon birth. Women feel a great impact from the AIDS virus since they act as the primary caregivers of the family.Time spent at hom e caring for an ailing husband leaves them unable to find financially productive jobs in the community (â€Å"On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic†). Mothers afflicted by the AIDS virus will eventually fade like their husbands, and in doing so leave their unaffected children as orphans. The impact of AIDS in this regard has a devastating impact on the individual families as well as the world.Similarly, as mentioned above, children can feel the most severe impact of AIDS in their lives. As parents weaken and families fall deeper into poverty, children find themselves without care givers and the basic needs for food, shelter and safety go unfulfilled. If the children have contracted AIDS from their parents upon birth, they too face the impending doom as the virus ravages their immune system.Over all the effect on children can be seen as, â€Å"AIDS is decimating entire generations of productive young adults, while leaving behind a huge cohort of children withou t parents and adequate community support, vulnerable to exploitation and lacking education and livelihood opportunities†(â€Å"On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic†). This impact of AIDS on children has impounding world wide impacts as will later be discussed.Lastly, elders in the family who have not contracted the AIDS virus also feel the impact as the affliction ravages younger family members. Grandparents must often take in their orphaned grandchildren. If the elders have lost their health and capabilities, they often depend on the help and financial support of their children.With AIDS destroying their offspring, it also destroys their caregivers and financial support for health and medical needs as well. In this respect, AIDS impacts both ends of the age spectrum, both the very young and the elderly. All of these familial impacts have been felt by humans worldwide.In relation, we have seen how the AIDS virus tears apart families and impacts all pers ons of the family. These impacts further compound from individual families, eventually reaching out and affecting entire populations. The mortality rates of AIDS affect areas obviously increase. As both young children and adults die from their AIDS induced illnesses.Also, the average life expectancy of individuals drops drastically in these populations, due to the fact that AIDS transmission most often occurs in children and young adults. As stated by the article, On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic, â€Å"AIDS kills people mostly in the 15-49 year age group.†This age range of incurred infection leads to a drop in years of life as younger people die of the virus well before the normal projection of life expectancy. For example, â€Å"By 2005-2010, average life expectancy at birth in the 11 worst affected countries is projected to decrease to 44 years. instead of rising to 61 years as projected in the absence of the disease†(â€Å"On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic†). Lastly, due to the fact that AIDS affects persons in their reproductive years, a decrease in child bearing ensues, leading to population decline in afflicted nations around the world.Over all the AIDS virus has caused a great deal of substantial and devastating impacts worldwide. Men, who act as the financial backbone of the families fall ill and can no longer provide for their families needs. The women often spend time caring for their ailing husbands rather than obtaining jobs for needed income.The women and children can also unknowingly incur infection from the men of the family. Children and elders who are not affected find themselves without care givers and financial supporters. All of this adds up to leave nations around the world with increased mortality rates, lower life expectancy rates and fewer birthrates.Also of importance to note are the economic impacts felt around the world as labor force declines the individuals affected c an no longer work. Families as well as nations slide into poverty when they cannot produce the food or materials needed due to lack of human resources.
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