James Weldon Johnson

Janice Warriner November 29, 2012 Composition 1030 Nowak James Weldon Johnson From the preface to The Book of American Negro Poetry (1921) During the 1920’s, the country was still segregated, and black people were denied the right to vote, attend schools where they would be intermixing with white people, and often lived without the same standard of living embraced by white people. They often did not have electricity, their clothes were in poor condition and books were often discarded books from the white schools.Black males were automatically suspects in crimes, and often did not have a fair trial. White people wanted order and perfection. During the film, Birth of a Nation :The Civil War Films of DW Griffith The black, slave woman in the show reminded me of Mammy. Mammy is a well-recognized racial caricature. She was created with the idea to claim that slaves were happy, and thus, slavery was humane. Mammy is pictured with very dark skin and a bandana, signaling that she is a hard worker and is sweaty.She is an extremely heavy set, older woman and the message was that the white men found the black slave woman unattractive and there was no sexual contact between them. This was a complete lie, because rape and sexual exploitation was happening as a result of the master-slave relationship. She was also considered to be the property of the white family. During this time, the Harlem Renaissance was also taking place. During the 1920-1930’s this was referred to as the â€Å"New Negro Movement†.Because of the â€Å"radio†, black authors, poets, painters, playwrights, actors and musicians gained exposure and were brought to a national audience. An indication that things would change. Has it? Stereotyping always will be a part of society because of the different life experiences and ideas that we develop about ourselves and other people. It becomes a problem with it turns to violence or dangerous ideas or behavior. It is up to each individua l person to break stereotypes by trying to represent himself or herself in a positive light.

Customer Relationship Management and Sales Force

Chapter7 ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. How is e-business â€Å"redefining old business models, with the aid of technology, to maximize customer value? e-business is more than just buying and selling of products and services through the means of digital media. Whereas e-commerce concentrates on buying and selling, e-business encompasses e-commerce and a whole lot more. For example, e-business includes both front – and back-office applications that form the engine for modern business. e-business is redefining old business models through the aid of technology, to maximize customer value. -business is the use of the Internet and other networks and information technologies to support electronic commerce, enterprise communications and collaboration, and Web-enabled business processes both within an internetworked enterprise, and with its customers and business partners. 2. Why is there a trend toward cross-functional integrated enterprise systems in business? Cross-functional information systems are integrated combinations of business information systems that share information resources across the functional units of an organization.Integrated systems allow the same data to be used for multiple applications; information output from one function can easily become data input to another function. Only one integrated database needs to be maintained. Many organizations are using information technology to develop integrated cross-functional enterprise systems that cross the boundaries of traditional business functions in order to reengineer and improve vital business processes all across the enterprise.These organizations view cross-functional enterprise systems as a strategic way to use IT to share information resources and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes, thus helping an e-business attain its strategic objectives. 3. Do you agree that â€Å"ERP is the backbone of e-Business†? Why or why not? it can be argued that enterpr ise resource planning (ERP) could certainly be considered the backbone of e-business. Businesses today must be deeply involved in coordinating and conducting business in the new economy.Through technologies such as the Internet and other networks and information technologies businesses are able to support electronic commerce, enterprise communications and collaboration, and Web-enabled business processes both within an internetworked enterprise, and with its customers and business partners. 4. Refer to the Real World Case on Charles Schwab and Others in this chapter. What are the most important HR applications a company should offer to its employees via a Web-based system? Why?There are a number of important HR applications that a company can and should offer their employees via a Web-based system. No matter what applications a company provides it must ensure that they are accurate, up to date, and provide the employees with the information they want. The purpose of the system is to free up the time for HR management to be more efficient in planning HR strategies than being burdened with boring paper work. For the employees, they want to be able to have access to the information that pertains to them, and the information that they need to satisfy their inquiry.Employees are interested in issues such as pay and benefits, pension funds, stock options, vacation time, career opportunities, training and development initiatives, and other related personnel issues. 5. How do you think sales force automation affects salesperson productivity, marketing management, and competitive advantage? Sales force automation is the use of computers to automate sales recording and reporting by sales people as well as communications and sales support.It improves productivity by saving time otherwise spent on manual creation of records, reports, and presentations; it improves communications and accessibility to information to support sales activities; and it may help in planning sale s tactics. Increasingly, computers and networks are providing the basis for sales force automation. In many companies, the sales force is being outfitted with notebook computers that connect them to Web browsers, and sales contact management software that connect them to marketing websites on the Internet, extranets, and their company intranets.Sales force automation has resulted in increasing the personal productivity of salespeople, dramatically speed up the capture and analysis of sales data from the field to marketing managers at company headquarters, allows marketing and sales management to improve the delivery of information and the support they provide to their salespeople. Many companies view sales force automation as a way to gain a strategic advantage in sales productivity and marketing responsiveness. 6. How can Internet technologies be involved in improving a process in one of the functions of business?Choose one example and evaluate its business value. it will be relati vely easy for them to choose from any of the various functions of business such as accounting, marketing, manufacturing, retailing, operations, and so on. In response to this question, the accounting function was chosen. Accounting information systems are being affected by Internet and client/server technologies. Using the Internet, intranets, extranets, and other network changes have been made to the traditional methods of capturing and processing accounting data.As well, these technologies have assisted in how accounting information systems are being used to monitor and track business activity. The online, interactive nature of such networks calls for new forms of transaction documents, procedures, and controls. Many companies are using or developing network links to their trading partners through the use of the Internet or other networks for applications such as order processing inventory control, accounts receivable, and accounts payable.These advances in the accounting function have resulted in major improvements in the capturing, reporting, processing, and increased accuracy of the data. Thus, realtime processing of accounting information enables executives to make better and more informed decisions involving their firm’s resources. 7. How can the Internet technologies improve customer relationships, and service for a business? CRM is described as a cross-functional e-business application that integrates and automates many customer-serving processes in sales, direct marketing, accounting and order management, and customer service and support.Examples of business benefits of customer relationship management include: †¢CRM allows a business to identify and target their best customers; those who are the most profitable to the business, so they can be retained as lifelong customers for greater and more profitable services. †¢CRM enables real-time customization and personalization of products and services based on customer wants, needs, buyin g habits, and life cycles. †¢CRM can keep track of when a customer contacts the company, regardless of the contact point. CRM enables a company to provide a consistent customer experience and superior service and support across all the contact points a customer chooses. The key to survival today is through improved customer relationships. The Internet has enabled interactive marketing between a business and its customers. The Internet can improve customer value, as the customer becomes closer to the business. Through interactive marketing methods, the needs of the customer are being better served. Relationships between customers and business are also greatly enhanced, and businesses are better able to provide their customers with the services requested. . Refer to the Real World Case Harrah’s, DuPont, and Otis at the end of the chapter. What are several e-business applications that you might recommend to a small company to help it survive and succeed in challenging econo mic times? Why? Small businesses as well as large businesses must make serious attempts to ensure that they have a Web presence. Customers are turning to the Web as a means of conducting business, and the growth in B2B has been exceptional. Final consumers are also ordering more products and services through the use of technology such as the Web.Small businesses can also have a successful website where they can offer their products and services to customers. Ensuring that the site is easy to navigate and order from is a major key to its success. If you are not going to actually sell products and services online, you can still use e-business applications to order from your suppliers online. By doing so, small businesses order products for just-in-time delivery, reduce inventory charges, and enable them to shop / â€Å"click† around for better deals. 9. Which of the 14 tools for enterprise collaboration summarized in Figure 7. 13 do you feel are essential for any business to ha ve today?Which of them do you feel are optional, depending on the type of business or other factor? Explain. This question will vary, and much depends on what type of organization they are applying these enterprise collaboration tools to. For this exercise we will assume that the student is applying the tools to an engineering environment requirement where the job is being designed in the United States, but being constructed in Argentina. Students can easily include and justify the requirement for all of the tools outlined in the electronic communication, electronic conferencing, and collaborative work management tools.However, if a student were to present the case of a university who does not offer extension courses, they may feel that there is no requirement for the school to use electronic conferencing tools. 10. What is the role and business value of using Internet technologies in supply chain management? The goal of supply chain management is to give customers what they want, w here they want it, and at the lowest possible cost. The goal of SCM is to: †¢Reduce costs †¢Increase efficiency †¢Increase profits †¢Improve supply chain cycle times Improve performance in relationships with customers and suppliers †¢Develop value-added services that give a company a competitive edge According to the Advanced Management Council, supply chain management has three business objectives: †¢Get the right product to the right place at the least cost. †¢Keep inventory as low as possible and still offers superior customer service. †¢Reduce cycle times. Supply chain management seeks to simplify and accelerate operations that deal with how customer orders are processed through the system and ultimately filled, as well as how raw materials are acquired and delivered for manufacturing processes.Businesses are increasingly dependent upon Internet technologies to improve their efficiencies. For example, companies are spending time and resour ces in improving their systems with those of their customers, partners, and suppliers. Through these improved systems, companies are better able to integrate interenterprise supply processes in order to improve manufacturing and distribution effectiveness. Companies are given SCM top priority and making it a large part of their e-business initiatives. By serving their customers better than their competitors, they are able to maintain and perhaps gain market share.

Large system in social work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Large system in social work - Assignment Example The varieties of the housing units in the city serve the mixed population that comprises the low, middle, and high-income social classes. Hence, Cleveland is an inclusive city for every citizen because the housing services are affordable. Cleveland is a business hub in the entire Ohio state. The city hosts corporate headquarters, banks, sales offices, major divisions, and affiliates. Given the strategic positioning and the natural attractions such as the Emerald Necklace, Cleveland Metro Parks Zoo, and Rocky River Reservation, the city thrives on tourism and hospitality industry. Major hotels and tourist resorts in the city include Radisson Hotel, The Westin Cleveland, and Wyndham Cleveland hotels. The facilities are a reflection of the vibrant business environment. Besides, Cleveland has magnificent shopping centers including the West Side Market, Pennello Gallery, and Old Arcade. The facilities give shoppers opportunities to explore a collection of present and historic commodities. In addition, Cleveland is home to finest manufacturing industries like Skylines Canvas and Kay Chemicals (Cleveland: Economy,

Evaluate Submission Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluate Submission - Assignment Example The participating students were needed to develop a training prototype. The participants’ aims depend on the outcome of the instructional training; individuals were required to carry out a step by step framework of tasks directed at meeting the objectives and goals of the training (William & Rothwell, 2006). The modified version of the evaluation instrument provides the instructor with an opportunity to evaluate the training materials and the effectiveness of the entire training package by incorporating distinct and measurable outcomes. This method also creates a framework of identifying any flaws in the training program. Consequently, improvements and adjustments to the course curriculum can be implemented based on the results of the training program developed by the participants (Aris, 2000). The failure of participants to effectively provide a framework of the working of the new concepts and theories learnt from the training program would be viewed as a total failure. They should be able to set clear goals and directions as a result of new knowledge earned through the training prototype. Inability on the part of participants to incorporate the steps learnt from the program and be able to achieve desired goals shows the incompetence aspect of the overall framework of the training program. The inability of the participants to put to test and practice what they have gained from the training program is evidence of the flaws present in the training prototype, or the participants may not be able to comprehend the information given to them. The training prototype should be redesigned and the methods used to convey information should be examined and evaluated. Inability on the part of the student to outline some of the theories used in the training program may be as a result of poor reading skills. The training program should ensure participants understand the concepts used and are able to comprehend them. The inability of the students to comprehend the

Qatar Leadership Centre's programme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qatar Leadership Centre's programme - Essay Example The researcher states that with the diverse backgrounds and competencies of the trainers and institutions involved in the Qatar Leadership Centre's programme, the researcher is very confident that by participating in the programme, he will get the opportunity to learn and build the competencies of a great financial leader not only for my employers but also for Qatar as an emerging international economic power. After attaining an international Masters' degree and working as a Senior Auditor for several years now, the researcher has built the basic skills and experience necessary to launch into an international accounting and finance career. The researcher however recognises that he will be more equipped for future challenges if he acquires leadership skills and competencies. These traits and abilities will enable me to get the best results for my organisation and the numerous stakeholders that my organisation will interact with. The Qatar Leadership Centre programme offers the necessa ry training and activities that will enable me to attain these core competencies that the researcher needs to succeed in his international career. The next five years, the researcher desires to acquire more experience in financial management and lecturing, further his education in finance and accounting and also build a socially responsible career. He hopes to do this by working in a world-class university that will enable him to work as an Accountant/Finance expert and also contribute his quota to the society by lecturing and nurturing the next generation of financial leaders. I therefore need some more leadership skills and abilities to influence the young up and coming in the best possible way to become responsible finance leaders in the future. I have also made preparations to complete the Certified Public Accountants (CPA) program in the next five years. This will enable me to gain more technical knowledge about accounting and finance on an international level. This will give m e the necessary qualification to learn about comparative international systems and structures and use that to support in the modelling of a good accounting system in Qatar. In practice, I would want to use my power as a financial manager/auditor to promote corporate social responsibility in my organisation and the wider society. I therefore plan to get some competencies in Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance matters to ensure this. I am strongly considering a postgraduate course in Corporate Social Responsibility to attain this end. Basically, I want to influence my work environment with best practices and effective decisions. I also seek to impart the knowledge I have accrued over the years to the next generation of finance leaders in Qatar and around the world. I also want to promote the institutionalisation of social responsibility in the corporate sector in Qatar. In my practice in the university environment, I once experienced a religious sectarian conflict that invo lved the top-ranked academics of the university and administrators. The issue was related to a policy that could adversely affect a certain social group in the university in terms of

Develop a Change Management Plan for CrysTel Essay

Develop a Change Management Plan for CrysTel - Essay Example into examining how this change process will be executed with particular attention to leadership style that can ensure continuous success of the process. Also, measures and ways to monitor the change process will be examined. The project will end with an examination of the challenges that the organization may face in the foreseeable future spanning from the next five to ten years and possible contingent solutions to these problems. We begin by talking about what organizational change is and then examining the reasons why it happens or is necessary in every organization. Organizational change or change in general can be defined from a variety of points depending on the perception of the user. An individual or employee in an organization may look at a new post or position as a change while higher management may feel it is unimportant. (Cao et al, 2000, p187). Changes viewed also by management may also not be looked upon as change by outsiders like competitors or suppliers. This has led to the categorizing of change in various ways, some of which include strategic and non-strategic change, incremental and radical change, changes of identity, co-ordination and control, planned and emergent change, change in terms of scale, human-centered change in terms of individual, group and inter-group or organizational level, quantum change and so on. (Cao et al, 2000, p187; Todnem, 2005, p372). Changes can also be structural , that is dealing with the physical alteration of an organization like its buildings and equipment or even employees. (Bennett & Durkin, 2000). On the other hand, it may be a change in process, that is, the way the related group of tasks are combined to create value for a target customer. (Cao et al, 2000, p188). A change can as well be in functions, that is, the decision system or policy and resource allocation duties of a particular element of an organization. There can also be changes in values, beliefs and human behavior in terms of social

Homosexuality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Homosexuality - Research Paper Example At first, people thought that it is genetics or hereditary because it usually runs in the family. People thought that since it runs in the family, there must be a particular DNA that makes a person homosexual. Others thought that it is the external environment that makes a person gay. It is thought that the external environment influences a certain person to change his or her gender orientation and sexual preference. Peer pressure is often cited as a cause that makes an individual adapt the preference of his or her group. Many thought that the environment itself makes one homosexual such as having dolls as toys when they are kids make one homosexual. There are also people who thought that homosexuality begins with having a certain homosexual genes or DNA and then made it a full blown homosexual when one is exposed to environment and having a group that makes a person homosexual. All of these theorizing seems plausible but experts disagree on this notion about what really causes or makes one gay. They found out through research that neither our genes or environment makes us gay. Scientists claim that homosexuality is neither genetic or external social factors but rather it is the womb that makes one gay. Scientists call it Epigenetic which is the process where DNA expression is influenced by external factors in the environment (not social factors). Specifically, experts argue that Epigenetic mechanisms can be seen as an added layer of information that clings to our DNA. Epi-marks regulate the expression of genes according to the strength of external cues. Genes are basically the instruction book, while epi-marks direct how those instructions get carried out. For example, they can determine when, where, and how much of a gene gets expressed (Dvorsky, 201). This explains why researchers initially did not find any DNA that links to homosexuality before because there was really none but rather, the root is contained in the mother’s womb. National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS) confirm this that being gay is written in how are genes are expressed and how it is activated (Blue, 2012). Personally, it does not matter much to me the gender orientation or preference of a person. Of course the scientist findings enlighten me that after all, it is not in the genes but rather in the womb that makes a person predisposed to homosexuality . But what is important to me is that homosexuality does not define a person to be good or bad. They are unusual yes, but gender preference and orientation is just one aspect of their personhood. Honestly, I am not used to homosexuals but they can become productive members of society when opportunity allows them. I have seen countless gays or homosexuals in America who are living normal lives and having normal careers where many are even successful. I have also seen happy gay couples which seemed to live a normal life. In general, I can see that homosexuals does not cause harm to society but in fact can do good society because many of them are creative owing to their unnatural gender orientation. Personally, I think society should become more accepting towards homosexuals. People should judge a person by his or her character not just because he or she is homosexual or gay. According to experts, homosexuals composed around 10% of our population so it is better of us to be tolerant wi th them because they are there whether we like it or not (Blue, 2012). Instead of

National Identity and Language Rights Research Paper

National Identity and Language Rights - Research Paper Example The official thinking goes that one language is necessary for the inherent unity of the country. However, the unofficial reason for these laws, according to many, is racist at its core – because language is not just an abstraction or way to communicate, but also is vital to one's culture and place in society, deeming one's language as inferior is akin to deeming one's culture as also inferior. Another issue is that these laws are probably unconstitutional, as they disenfranchise potential voters who do not know the language. As voting is a right for all citizens, forcing a citizen to vote without knowing what he is voting for, or forcing this citizen to stay home, is unconstitutional. These are just some of the reasons why English only or official English laws are unworkable. But still, legislatures and the people try to make them work, as evidenced by the different movements that have sprung up in this milieu. There are a variety of reasons for the movement to make English the official language. Citrin et al. (1990) identified some of these reasons in their study of the municipalities and states where English only or English as the Official language have been adopted. One of these reasons is historical in nature. English-only in public opinion began in earnest around the turn of the century, as people immigrating from Southern and Eastern Europe stirred xenophobic feelings among Americans, culminating in the â€Å"Americanization† movement that â€Å"insisted that national unity depended upon cultural homogeneity and a common language† (Auerbach, 1993, p. 10).

Entrepreneural process paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneural process paper - Essay Example This therefore implies that every stage in the entrepreneur process is important for any business to succeed and entrepreneurs should have an understanding of the process before venturing in any business. Some stages in the process do appear to be more important than the other stages. The truth is that each phase is as important as other phases and that each phase must be completed in a systematic manner in order for the business venture to be a success. The first phase for implementation is identifying and evaluating a business opportunity. Secondly, the entrepreneur should develop a business plan then access the available resources to start the business and lastly manage the newly established business (Henry & De, 2011). Each of the phases is analyzed below in order of their importance. Identifying and evaluating a business opportunity The phase is also referred to as the business innovation model. This stage is viewed as the most important as no business venture can start without an idea. Identifying a opportunity is not that easy since an individual must analyze carefully identify an existing gap in the market (Baron & Shane, 2008). At this stage, you identify a need that exists and formulate a model on how best you can satisfy the need. Entrepreneurs should answer questions on the existing market by conducting a market research. You should analyze the audience that is likely to purchase the product. Thereafter, you should carefully screen the audience’s feedback on acceptance or rejection of the new product. In case an entrepreneur wishes to introduce an existing product, he or she should analyze the existing competition and the market penetration strategies may be adopted. Additionally, at the identification stage, one should determine he or she would need patent rights to protect his or her innovation (Baron & Shane, 2008). Completion of the identification of a business opportunity paves way for evaluation of the opportunity. This is the most impo rtant element in the whole entrepreneur process as it will enable the entrepreneur decide on whether to venture into the new business or abandon it. It enables him or her to compare the projected returns and the required resources for the investment (Kuratko, 2009). The evaluation process accesses the duration of the opportunity, its perceived and real value, the returns and risks associated, whether the venture fits the goals and skills of the entrepreneur as well as its uniqueness in creating a competitive advantage in the competitive environment. The estimated market size and the duration in which the opportunity may exist provide the basis of accessing the rewards and risks. The risk reflects the capital employed, the market, technology and the competition involved. The capital required is often used as the basis for evaluating the returns and risks (Fayolle, 2007). A viable business opportunity should promise high returns than the amount of money invested and should have low ri sks. Additionally, it should be able to make higher returns in a short of time after establishment. The goals and personal skills of an entrepreneur should fit the opportunity. It is important that the entrepreneur dedicate his or her time and effort for the business to be a success. Although most people start a business and hope that the

Policing and the Bill of Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policing and the Bill of Rights - Essay Example Moreover, policing amendments are persuaded if someone is taken into custody on the basis of origin, religion, and race etc. Police are boosted to sustain a balance between flexibility and security that the government has formed. United States has historic put more heaviness on the edge of flexibility and has been recounted as a trial in organized liberty (Keenan 10-108). It has been shown that the policeman play a centered function in the achievement of this trial, and thus, it is furthermore a trial the U.S. government in regulation enforcement and peacekeeping. One of the biggest examples of warrantless search and tracing phone calls is â€Å"Water Gate scandal†. The secret agents, with the powers of fourth amendment of constitution, had captured the ill elements used in elections. By this action, the politicians, who use the evil tricks to win election, get the lesson. The IV amendment is defined as: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized†. From all â€Å"search and seizures† will not be contravened by warrants handed out without origin likelihood. It is sustained by oath or pledge or not as recounted the location to be sought or the individuals. It is described from managing assembly with the premeditated exception was amended on the talks. It is distributing almost equal to the all kind of people. And the amendment was launched to double-check and it would be managed by a preliminary committee. Couple of alterations denied to be integrated into the dialect of the part of the dwelling and the dialect of the legal provision was ratified. As the amendment documented, the argument over the â€Å"search and

Marco in a View from a Bridge Essay Example for Free

Marco in a View from a Bridge Essay Give advice to an actor playing Marco on how he should present the character Marco is a character of two faces. At the beginning of the play, a grateful and respectful man is presented to the audience. He shakes Eddie’s hand, and makes it clear that he does not want to impose – ‘when you say go, we will go’. This is in stark contrast to the absolute lack of respect your character gives Eddie later in the story, and the more-so you can make this the better the reception will be from the audience. Marco is also quite a reserved character. When the two men first come to the house, Marco speaks only in short sentences, rarely elaborating on his point. However, he also seems to have a quiet authority and this is shown in stage directions when Eddie ‘is coming more and more to address Marco only’. This authority is also shown when Rodolpho starts to sing, saying ‘You’ll be quiet, Rodolpho. ’ silencing his brother. This reservation is also shown in his realistic sense of mind, compared to his brother who has possibly unreachable dreams. He is also not as flamboyant or elaborate as his brother, who sings, cooks and sews; he is a ‘regular bull’. This makes others respect him and this sense of authority and strength needs to be portrayed. In the scene where Marco shows his strength by lifting the chair one-handed, the tables start to turn. The respect Marco once had for Eddie seems to have disappeared suddenly, as Marco menacingly holds the chair over Eddie’s head. On the surface, it looks as though he is protecting his brother, but the underlying reasons are mainly that by doing so, Marco has just proved Eddie’s inferiority. This enjoyment of feeling superior mixed with the defence of his brother makes Marco a fierce character in this scene, and a character that may have been shadowed in earlier scenes come to prominence in the play, and this continues in the later parts. The character then follows a vicious path of revenge after realising that is was Eddie that reported them to Immigration. Your character loses sympathy with the audience due to this, and as you lose sight of everything else why you came to America, your family etc. – the seems to be no compassion in Marco. He not only wants to kill Eddie but humiliate him as much as possible in the process. Essentially, Marco is like Eddie. A formally caring man of his family, he is an honourable man who lacks the quality of forgiveness.

The most famous psychological studies Essay Example for Free

The most famous psychological studies Essay The most famous psychological studies of children and aggressive behaviour are Albert Banduras Bobo doll studies, performed at Stamford University, which are now widely regarded as early research classics in the field. These were experimental studies in which children of nursery school age observed a video in which an adult was hitting, punching, kicking and throwing a large inflatable doll. Particular actions were used which children would be unlikely to perform spontaneously. The children were then observed, as they played alone in a playroom with the same doll for 10 to 20 minutes. A controlled group of children were allowed to play with the doll without observing the video of the aggressive adult behaviour. As you might expect, the children who witnessed the adult aggression performed similar acts and the others did not. In this study, Bandura has shown that children display acts of aggressive behaviour, acquired simply through observing someone else performing in these acts. There are many flaws in this study however, which can influence or exaggerate the reactions of the children such as the environment in which the study is held. The laboratory is an uncomfortable area in which children may act in a way which is alien to their usual reactions, and they may behave as they feel they are expected to, one child was recorded asking Mummy is that the doll we have to hit? Children are noted to understand and differentiate between fantasy and real life, (it is ok to hit a doll but not a person.) It is also thought that the theorists conducting the study may have intentionally encouraged the aggression, something that most parents would not. So although Bandura did prove that the childrens behaviour was undoubtedly linked to the images they had seen, it was an artificially made environment (both literally and by means of behaviour expressed by all parties) and therefore I would argue that it couldnt possibly reflect a true scenario. Other studies relating to this concept reached the same conclusions until a study by Feshbach and Singer (1971). Understanding that the environment of a laboratory may be a establishing factor in the behaviour of children, Feshbach and Singer decided to conduct their experiment in schools, an environment in which the children would feel comfortable and therefore more inclined to react in a way which is more accurate. Going into a boys home the theorists spilt a class into two groups, and conducted a manipulated situation over a duration of six weeks. The boys were exposed to different types of television, one group were shown typically violent shows, and the other observed generally neutral television. The results proved an opposite reaction to Banduras study; the boys exposed to the violent television remained the same, while the other group had gotten considerably more aggressive during the experiment. This reaction is in line with the CATHARIS theory, which claims that watching violent programmes decreases levels of arousal, leaving viewers less prone to aggressive behaviour. These studies are extremely contradictory and the differences are an example of how it is extremely difficult to define the exact link between television and behavioural effects.

Investigating the Factors influencing employee engagement

Investigating the Factors influencing employee engagement In today economic downturn situation, organization started to look into its people asset internal employee so that they can utilize the human asset to sustain the competitiveness in the industry. Employees who are engaged in their work and committed to their organizations give companies crucial competitive advantages including higher productivity and lower employee turnover (Robert, 2006). In addition, engaged employees may be more likely to commit to staying with their current organization (Ramsay Finney, 2006). Software giant Intuit, for example, found that highly engaged employees are 1.3 times more likely to be high performers than less engaged employees. They are also five times less likely to voluntarily leave the company (Ramsay Finney, 2006). Thus, it is not surprising that organizations of all sizes and types have invested substantially in policies and practices that foster engagement and commitment in their workforces (Robert, 2006). Indeed, in identifying the three best measures of a companys health, business consultant and former General Electric CEO Jack Welch recently cited employee engagement first, with customer satisfaction and free cash flow coming in second and third, respectively (Welch Welch, 2006) According to (Schaufeli et al. (2002)), work engagement is defined as a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption. Rather than a momentary and specific state, engagement refers to a more persistent and pervasive affective-cognitive state that is not focused on any particular object, event, individual, or behavior. Vigor is characterized by high levels of energy and mental resilience while working, the willingness to invest effort in ones work, and persistence even in the face of difficulties. Dedication refers to being strongly involved in ones work and experiencing a sense of significance, enthusiasm, inspiration, pride, and challenge. Absorption is characterized by being fully concentrated and happily engrossed in ones work, whereby time passes quickly and one has difficulties with detaching oneself from work. Employee engagement has been identified as a critical business driver that has the capability to impact an organizations overall success. Furthermore, engagement when understood and assessed gives organizations tremendous power to positively impact numerous areas of the company. Engagement has the potential to significantly affect employee retention, productivity and loyalty (Corporate Executive Board, 2004). 1.2 Study Background This study focuses on the factors affecting employees engagement in the Saudi National Oil Company (Saudi Aramco). Saudi Aramco is the largest oil producing company in the Middle East and invests hundreds of millions of US dollars to maintain its assets in order to ensure the well being of a reliable energy source for the whole world. Saudi Aramco is a leading player in safety and reliability metrics within oil industry sector, which is firmly rooted as the major venue of wealth in Saudi Arabia and recognized as the sustainable support to the national economy. Saudi Aramco is currently pursuing recent and rapid expansions to meet international energy demands. There are different factors that contribute to the employee engagement and can result in a better engagement and organizational commitment. What are the general factors (quote reference), then state that this study focuses on three factors i.e. PSS, POS Reward. Explain why these three has been chosen. The first factor is perceived organizational support (POS) which is defined as the degree to which employees believe that their organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being (Eisenberger, 1986). POS is generally thought to be the organizations contribution to a positive reciprocity dynamic with employees, as employees tend to perform better to pay back POS. Reference A sufficient consideration has been given as to why PSS and POS have both been found to be related to employee engagement. According to organizational support theory, PSS should increase employee engagement by increasing POS. The POS resulting from PSS would strengthen employees felt obligation to help the organization reach its goals and increase affective organizational commitment, with a resultant reduction in turnover and increase in engagement. Reference The second factor is perceived supervisor support (PSS). Just as employees form global perceptions concerning their valuation by the organization, they develop general views concerning the degree to which supervisors value their contributions and care about their well-being (Kottke Sharafinski, 1988). PSS should increase obligations to the supervisor and to the organization. PSS increased extra-role performance beneficial to supervisors, and PSS increased POS, which, in turn, led to greater extra-role performance beneficial to the organization. Concerning employee engagement, when PSS is low, employees would believe that they could deal with the unpleasant situation by switching to a new supervisor or minimizing engagement with the supervisor while continuing to carry out usual job responsibilities. POS would entirely mediate a negative PSS employee engagement relationship. Reference The third factor is rewards and recognition. Having a rewards and recognition program in place lets valued employees know that their contributions are important and their efforts are appreciated. Not only will the employees appreciate it, but customers may appreciate it as well. When employees are happy and satisfied with their work, their attitude will be reflected in the service they provide. When employers go the extra mile to keep employees happy and treat team members well, staff members will often go the extra mile to ensure customers are happy. Treating people well is very often infectious. Reference Kahn (1990) reported that people vary in their engagement as a function of their perceptions of the benefits they receive from a role. Therefore, one might expect that employees will be more likely to engage themselves at work to the extent that they perceive a greater amount of rewards and recognition for their role performances. In another words, while a lack of rewards and recognition can lead to burnout, appropriate recognition and reward is important for engagement. In terms of Social Exchange Theory, when employees receive rewards and recognition from their organization, they will feel obliged to respond with higher levels of engagement (Chapter 2). 1.3 Problem Statement Dramatic changes in the global economy over the past 25 years have had significant implications for commitment and reciprocity between employers and employees and thus for employee engagement. For example, increasing global competition, scarce and costly resources, high labor costs, consumer demands for ever-higher quality and investor pressures for greater returns on equity have prompted organizations to restructure themselves. At some companies, restructuring has meant reductions in staff and in layers of management. A study by YouGovSirajs (2007), the first Gulf People Index, a major employee engagement benchmarking study, designed to help companies improve productivity among staff showed that a fewer than half of Gulf employees think their organization manages to attract the best talent or engage them to perform once they are inside the corporation. Even fewer (just over one third of employees) think their companies are good at holding on to the best talent (YouGovSiraj, 2007). The region also has a weak spot when it comes to companies ability to retain and attract talent. This compounds and confirms the problems surrounding the lack of long-term employee engagement in the Gulf. Only 39% of respondent feel their company manages to keep the best staff. Less than half (47%) believe their organization manages to attract the best talent and manages to engage employees so they perform well (YouGovSiraj, 2007). According to the manager of HR communication department in Saudi Aramco, Mr. Brokaw in 2009, employee engagement is built in Saudi Aramco by giving the employees an opportunity to participate in key decisions, make it easy for all employees to give feedback (good and bad), show how employees feedback is being used, build a feeling of community and involvement, provide up to date information and tools, communicate and reinforce Saudia Aramcos mission and goals, promote employee development programs, communicate and measure employee values and attitudes to promote high performance across Aramco and Recognize good performers. (Halogen software, 2010) reported that Saudi Aramco win employee engagement through a well structured and timed employee orientation and rollout schedule. The above statements requires reference. In the Saudi Aramco, eventhough employee engagement has been recognized for its importance in fostering employee participation, till now there is no any study that examines the employee engagement and the antecedents factors influencing the employee engagement like perceived organizational and supervisor support in this organization. From this point of view, this study aims to examine a three of many factors influencing the employee engagement in one of the largest Saudi organizations which is Sauid Aramco. 1.3 Research Objectives This research will evaluate the current employee engagement and examine which among the variables contributes to employee engagement in Saudi Aramco. Specifically; the objectives of this study are: 1. To examine the extent of employee engagement in Saudi Aramco. 2. To examine the relationship between perceived organization support and employee engagement in Saudi Aramco. 3. To examine the relationship between perceived supervisor support and employee engagement in Saudi Aramco. 4. To examine the relationship between rewards and recognition and employee engagement in Saudi Aramco. 5. To identify which among the three independent variables (perceived organization support, perceived supervisor support, rewards and recognition) is the most important driver relates to employee engagement. 1.4 Research Questions This research will be conducted to find the relationship of the independent variables, which are perceived organization support, perceived supervisor support, rewards and recognition with the dependent variable, which is the employee engagement in Saudi Aramco. The Research questions that this research will try to answer are: 1) What is the level of employee engagement in Saudia Aramco? 2) Does perceived organization support influence the extent of employee engagement in Saudi Aramco? 3) Does perceived supervisor support influence the extent of employee engagement in Saudi Aramco? 4) Do rewards and recognition influence the extent of employee engagement in Saudi Aramco? 5) Which among the three independent variables is the most important driver relates to employee engagement and what are the relationship consequences? Research Significance Theoretical practical significance. The following are practical significance. What is your theortical significance (contribution on the body of knowledge about EE)? The significance of this study can contribute many advantages to many parties such as corporate strategy, business unit level in forming their business strategy and the analytical and empirical researches. This study can provide the management an understanding on which factors that could affect the employee engagement in the context of Saudi Aramco in which ultimately attempting to enhance organization performance and make organization a profitable entity. This research can support different organizational units in correlating employee engagement and performance factors to prove the importance of employee engagement strategy. Researcher hopes that this study will give an idea to the top management of Saudi Aramco on the awareness of employee engagement and also can be useful for them to understand the approaches to be taken in order to enhance the level of its employee engagement. This knowledge is hopefully would be useful as a source of information for the future research regarding this subject. Assumptions This research assumes that Saudi Aramco uses the industry unanimous definition of employee engagement as a standard definition. 1.7 Limitations of the research write in paragraphs This research is limited to one operational unit in Saudi Aramco and will not include any other units and thus results and findings cannot be generalized to the whole organization. This study is limited to three factors which are perceived organization support, perceived supervisor support, rewards and recognition (independent variables) that influence the employee engagement (dependent variable). 1.8 Terms Definitions Is this your operational or conceptual definition. Operational definition (are these your operational definitions?) Employee Engagement: employee engagement here is defined according to the International Survey Research (2003) as a process by which an organization increases commitment and contribution of its employees to achieve superior business results. The International Survey Research resolves that employee engagement is a combination of an employees cognitive, affective and behavioral commitment in the organization. Perceived organization support: is the degree to which employees believe that their organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being (Eisenberger, 1986). Perceived supervisor support: The degree to which employees believe that their supervisors, values their contributions and cares about their well-being. Rewards and Recognition: Employee recognition is a communication tool that reinforces and rewards the most important outcomes people create for your business. When you recognize people effectively, you reinforce, with your chosen means of recognition, the actions and behaviors you most want to see people repeat. Many types of rewards and recognition have direct costs associated with them, such as cash bonuses and stock awards. Other types of rewards and recognition may be non-monetary rewards like formal and informal acknowledgement, assignment of more enjoyable job duties, opportunities for training, and an increased role in decision-making. These are neither yoru operational or conceptual definition 1.9 Research Organization This is the first chapter out of the five chapters of the project paper which has presented the background of the study as an introduction, describes the problem statements, objectives and research questions in addition to the research significance limitations. Chapter 2 will review the employee engagement research findings done by other researchers and also the drivers of employee engagement. Chapter 3 will present the method for the study, which is the research design and procedure. The chapter mentions the selection of the respondents, sample types and size, the development of the questionnaire for the research and data collection procedure. Chapter 4 discusses the interpretation of the research findings and the results presentation. Chapter 5 concludes the whole research with discussion and some suggestions for future research directions.

The Significance of Women in the Imperial Family Essay -- Roman Histor

The Significance of Women in the Imperial Family During the time of the Roman Empire women were not allowed to play any part in the political life of the empire. However women were still able to influence powerful men and manipulate them to use their power for the wants of woman. The most powerful woman in the roman society was either the wife of a principate or the mother of one. Examples of influential woman in the imperial family include Livia Drusilla, Julia Agrippina and Octivia. The only woman that seemed to have a stable position with both power and security was the wife of the emperor. For example the Livia Drusilla (58 BC-29 AD), an influential consort of Augustus, who was depicted in imperial propaganda as the embodiment of womanliness and dedication, while her enemies believed her to be a ruthless seeker of power. Through the example of Livia it can be seen how influential a wife of a powerful man can be. Augustus married her when she was very young taking her away from her first husband Tiberius Nero. From then on, Augustus’ affection was fixed on her. They stayed together till the end, despite certain insecurity from not giving Augustus an heir. Livia was the most powerful woman of her time and Augustus appeared to have taken most of her advice. She sometimes accompanied him from Rome and always served as a trusted confidante and advisor. When a beloved great grandson of Augustus’ died (a son of Germanicus’), she saw to it that the child’s statue was placed in his private quarters, demonstrating power she did contain. However modestly she presented herself, Livia's life was showcased by Augustus from the first ... ...members.aol.com/zoticus/bathlib/nero.htm http://www.travel-italy.com/ct/agrippina.html http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Thread/116676 Books 1. Author: Bartman, Elizabeth. Title: Portraits of Livia : imaging the imperial woman in Augustan Rome / Elizabeth Bartman. Publisher: New York : Cambridge University Press, 1998. 2. Author: Barrett, Anthony, 1941- Title: Livia : first lady of Imperial Rome / Anthony A. Barrett. Publisher: New Haven : Yale University Press, c2002. 3. Author: Wood, Susan (Susan Elliott), 1951- Title: Imperial women : a study in public images, 40 B.C.-A.D. 68 / by Susan E. Wood. Publisher: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 1999. 4. Author: Barrett, Anthony A. Title: Agrippina : mother of Nero / Anthony A. Barrett. Publisher: London : Batsford, 1996.

The Irony of Abortion :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Irony of Abortion It is ironic that, in a nation that defines individual rights as supremely sacred, the most basic right to life is being systematically denied 1,500,000 persons each year. This is not done in the name of God but in the name of choice, pro-choice to be exact. Admittedly, too many young mothers find themselves in unwanted situations which carry with them very difficult and painful decisions. This we cannot overlook. They deserve our mercy, compassion, and love rather than harsh words and uncharitable judgment. Nonetheless, their difficult plight can never warrant an unwarranted solution; the extermination of their defenseless baby. Eliminating the problem resolves nothing, but instead often triggers a long path of guilt and depression. In a haste to solve the problem, we ignore the long term consequences for both mother and child. Both will inevitably suffer. Ours has become a culture of death for the child..and the mother. One dies physically, the other begins dying spiritually and emotionally. Thus under the banner of freedom we enslave souls. In a thirst for "rights" we respect no one's rights. And in a frenzy to respect a woman's choice, we impede her from making a choice according to the truth which would free her from a false sense o f liberty, from the lies of propaganda, convenience, and our me first generation. Most especially, however, the rights of the Creator are snubbed. The child who exists in the womb - as well as the parents of the child - were created by God in a pure act of love. He responded in love to the union of a couple by giving them the gift of an infant. You see, it takes three to have a baby; the mother, the father, and Almighty God. They give the material element, while He gives the spiritual. They co-create with Him. He unites a soul to the matter which they have given. So when parents decide to abort their newly conceived child, it is a horrible infringement on the rights of God. He alone is Master of life and death, not we. We have no inalienable right to choose when someone will come into existence (we can do all in our power to bring about a child, but if our Lord does not respond, then nothing happens.) Nor do we have the right to decide when someone will cease to exist on this world.

college essay :: essays research papers

Not everything I learned, I learned in kindergarten nor in the classroom for that matter. As a senior in high school I’m not only 1ft taller but hopefully a more enlightened person. It is necessary to understand that I am not the same person who began as a freshman four short years ago. Although I learned a great deal inside the classroom, I have also garnered a wealth of knowledge far from the hallowed halls of my high school. My involvement in academics, school related clubs and work experience have instilled unique abilities and characteristics in me that have transformed me from a naà ¯ve freshman into a well rounded motivated young man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout my four years at Westwood High, I have taken advantage of the many clubs and organizations offered. My participation in these groups has allowed me to form new friendships with fellow students, teachers and people from the community. Starting in my sophomore year I joined the school newspaper, (Westwood Wire) and was able to showcase myself as a journalist. Although the stories were simplistic (â€Å"Food Fight results in Major Brawl†) they gave me a chance to play the role of a reporter and be a source of information and news for many of my peers. Another club that has been a big part of my high school career is the â€Å"Teen Mentors† group. On Friday nights I would act as a chaperone at the middle school dances. I had a responsibility to watch over younger students, provide them with an enjoyable and safe experience and most of all show them that I could be seen as a positive role model in their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the initial summer of my freshman year to this very day I have had a job. Beginning in my fourteenth year I started working at Roche Bros supermarket as a bag boy, cashier, grocery clerk and as a source of new ideas for management. I learned the basics of running the grocery business, having seen first hand how each department of the store had to stay below a budget and at the same time provide an unparalleled service to the customer. I was to see the challenges that my manager faced of creating a schedule by which every employee was happy with their hours. I also was able to see various forms of marketing and examples of how Roche Bros sold itself.

Gattaca examines science, religion, genetic engineering and ethics

By opening the movie Gattaca with quotations from Willard Gaylin and Ecclesiastes, director Andrew Niccol invites us to ponder the tension between science and religion with regard to the ethics of genetic engineering. This tension is further sustained through the complex relationship of the main protagonists Vincent and Eugene, who must ultimately conquer their own physical limitations in order to find â€Å"God†. As the titles run, fingernails, hair threads and skin particles fall to the ground in slow motion, giving way to an image of a young man vigorously scrubbing himself. Along with a disturbing score by Michael Nyman, this obsessive-compulsive behaviour contributes to the macabre images of hypodermic needles, catheters and hospital bags of urine and blood. The shower from which Vincent has just stepped quickly converts to a furnace (is this heaven or hell? ) while the inter-title â€Å"in the not-too-distant future† runs across our screen. It is the same young man, Vincent, who provides a voice-over and our point of view in Gattaca – the antiseptic setting of a futuristic space program. Here, somnambulistic employees dressed as clones move in and out of a facility designed for cold efficiency. Note the cool blue filters, curved, shining surfaces and, again, a peculiar preoccupation with cleaning. Loudspeakers welcome visitors to Gattaca in various languages demonstrating that, along with space exploration, genetic screening has diminished both the significance and desire for global boundaries. We are already aware that in this future â€Å"blood has no nationality†. For science now enables discrimination that is far more expedient than simply skin colour. Vincent, a â€Å"God† child, is conceived without the help of genetic engineering and is quick to realise that his physical inadequacies, in particular a congenital heart condition, will prevent him from reaching his full potential. It is worth noting that the setting where Vincent's conception takes place is made â€Å"natural† by the inclusion of beaches and palm trees. As we remain in flashback to where baby Vincent plays with a toy cluster of atoms (similar motifs are repeated throughout the film), we begin to understand the hypocrisy of what this â€Å"brave new world† has to offer. `Genoism† – discrimination on the basis of genetics – is illegal, yet it seems that poor genetic outcomes such as Vincent's prevents insurance cover, which disqualifies him from pre-school – surely an issue that already has some currency in the world we inhabit today. But although Vincent feels displaced by his genetically superior brother, Anton (note how he walks into the frame just as Vincent tears his own image out of the family snapshot), he is determined to fulfil his dream of space travel. The initial swimming race where Vincent is beaten by Anton serves as a plot device pre-empting the climax of the film where both brothers, now adults, play â€Å"chicken† once again. Aerial shots intensify a terrifying sea and, this time, Vincent's victory. The irony is stark as Niccol underlines the central theme of the film – what constitutes a â€Å"valid† human being? For surely Vincent, an â€Å"invalid†, has just proved that genetics has little influence over sheer determination and grit. Enter Eugene. Genetically flawless but crippled both physically and emotionally from a suicide attempt (he finished second, not first, in a swimming race), he is continually compared with Vincent, whose genetic profile dictates that he will die at the age of 30. Eugene is bitter and twisted while Vincent is single-minded and driven. Both, however, are essentially blind to what it is that makes them human. Vincent, desperate to conceal his identity from Irene, is nearly run down on a frenetically busy highway, whereas Eugene deliberately steps in front of a car in the hope of bringing about his own death. Both are so preoccupied with their own deficiencies that they almost miss their important â€Å"spiritual† journey. In fact, both these men run perilously close to becoming like Anton – robotic and devoid of emotion. It is Anton who provides the real paradox here by ruthlessly investigating his own brother's â€Å"invalidity† and, in so doing, demonstrates that genetics does not necessarily correlate with one's humanity. Indeed, it is Irene who, from the outset, seems to be more in touch with the natural world towards which Vincent is striving to return. Note the setting where she lives; rolling surf, pristine white sand, the warm light within in which she is constantly bathed, her disappointment with Vincent's supposed â€Å"perfection†, her fascination with the sunrise, her ability to notice the change in his eyes after he discards his contact lenses when most people can only recognise human differences by a DNA test. Irene's costume and hair are much softer, feminine and distinctively individual when she is away from Gattaca. Yet our focus continually returns to Vincent and Eugene, whose relationship not only dominates most of the film's running time but develops an intimacy that is as selfless as it is full of love. The overt twinning effect (Eugene operates as Vincent's doppelganger) combined with the homoerotic subtext belies any real attempt by Niccol to establish a meaningful connection between Vincent and Irene, with the latter finally reduced to â€Å"nominal love interest†. In an effort to conceal Vincent's identity, Eugene's loyalty is clearly demonstrated when, slowly and painfully, he drags his broken body up the spiral staircase – remember, he's scared of heights. Reminiscent of a DNA strand, the staircase is a metaphor for transcendence, for raising ourselves to a new level of understanding. Eugene, determined that Vincent too will break free of his earthly bounds – his physical being – recognises the symbolism when he refers to space as â€Å"upstairs†. Earlier, Vincent tells Eugene that weightlessness is like being in the womb and that in space his legs â€Å"wouldn't matter†. But in the end, Eugene returns to where Vincent originally emerged (this time to a self-determined cremation), his sacrifice complete as Vincent is released into space. The gift of the lock of hair is on one level a safeguard against Vincent's disclosure but on another a unique and somewhat childlike reminder of Eugene's innocence in a world gone mad with science and its attending preoccupation with perfection. It is Eugene who occupies Vincent's thoughts at closure, not Irene. Despite having overcome their genetic and physical dispositions, it is clear there is no real â€Å"place† for either of these men on earth. By accentuating the tunnels leading back to the womb-like spaceship and the foetal position of Eugene in the furnace, Niccol has both Vincent and Eugene return to where science and religion originate – back to the stars, back to God, back to â€Å"home†.

Illegal Immigration Essay Essay

round in all of us tin sens secern we atomic number 18 kids of immigrants. Either our extensive grandp atomic number 18nts or grandp atomic number 18nts came to America for a better life. We bang that the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island ar the symbols of that great ambition that so many sought so many gray-haired ages ago. During a figure to Ellis Island detain essencemer I well-read that during the early 1900s we encouraged in-migration because it was a clip when our countrys district had grown and we collected much commonwealth to instigate with the continued using of our state.Today. nevertheless. we find that in-migration is non seen as a positive for our state. alone instead it is in spades considered a job today in America. Immigration jurisprudence is in the watchword a batch and in-migration constitution is a large subject discussed in Congress it is even a major(ip) issue for Obamas disposal. Some citizenry in authorities regard that we should stuffy the door and cut down(p) the sum of people device of attack into our state particularly as it relates to the jobs we have had with terrorist activities. nevertheless. I recall that the chief job with in-migration is non the level-headed immigrants who come here(predicate) following the regulations. unless instead its the nefarious immigrants who pilferer into our state over boundary lines and so put a load on our societal services and do prostitute to our state. So. what is the solution? Presently on that point are close to 12 million flagitious immigrants in America and that makes it merely also expensive and a large project to merely behave all of them at one clip. so we need a better program something must be do. Il good in-migration inflicts a great menace to America.Aside from the belief that il good immigrants are stealing occupations from our ain citizens and the legal immigrants. but some illegal immigrants are doing abominations. In a 2006 survey from January 1999 to April 2006 about 260. 000 illegal immigrants committed about 1 million sex discourtesies in America. to a fault illegal immigrants today make up 30 % prison population in America. A subject that has been on the countersign frequently in other provinces where there is a batch of illegal immigrant offense is overcrowding of prisons. Many illegal immigrants are coming over and do offenses and jeopardizing the American citizens.But non all illegal immigrants are disadvantageously some illegal immigrants are here because they are seeking to do a better lively for themselves. Illegal in-migration analogouswise has a great monetary value every bit good. Illegal immigrant families imposed. in entire. costs transcending $ 26 billion for the federal official authorities. while these immigrants paid merely 16 billion dollars in federal taxation enhancements. hence making a monetary shortage of $ 10. 4 billion per twelvemonth at the federal degree. The largest subsc ribers to this shortage were Medicaid with $ 2. 5 billion. medical intervention for the uninsured with $ 2. 2 billion. food-assistance plans with $ 1. billion. the federal prison and tribunal systems with $ 1. 6 billion. and federal assistance to schools with $ 1. 4 billion. musical com billet I believe there are excessively many illegal immigrants to train them all deported. I do believe that those illegal immigrants who are taking up condemn equal activities are the 1s that should be deported instead than set in our already overcrowded gaols. I stand for the other illegal immigrants who really want to go a citizen and do a life for themselves should be able to come frontward. and if they pass condemnable emphasise cheques and right fees and punishments. they can so be eligible for a probationary legal position.Agricultural actors and those who entered as kids should anyway be eligible for the same plan. This would supply a procedure and a manner to restrain the sum of peopl e coming to the state. These persons would bet until bing legal in-migrations become citizens. so they can acquire in line to go a legal immigrant. I call in another thing that could be done is have a startup endorse for immigrants who want to come here and personate down a concern. If their concern does discharge further and is successfu. they should so hold the pick to remain for good.This would make more(prenominal) occupations and bitch up the community. I think we should in like manner hold plans set up that would assist new immigrants coming over discovery occupations or a list of people to name for prune. I besides think we should hold plans to verify the eligibility of a worker to assist employers find people who are available to work. In the presidents program he had a plan called E-verify. I agree with his program to scattering out the usage of this plan. One of the last things I think we should hold in our in-migration policy is something that encourages instru ction.For illustration. immigrant kids who attend college could besides gain recognition toward citizenship. I besides believe that all immigrants registering for lasting position should besides be required to hear English within 5 old ages of their reaching. Its crazy that our state spends all that money and clip with English as 2nd language categories in schools and in communities. If I decided to travel unrecorded in Italy. that authorities would non get down to interpret all their marks and advertizing so that I could project it. Nor would they pay for me to go to particular categories to hear their lingual communication.If I decided to populate and work in Italy. it would be my duty to larn the Italian linguistic communication in the lead I go at that interpose or try to go a citizen at that place. Unfortunately. in-migration continues to be a job chiefly because our state cant handle the immense inflow of people desiring to come here. Although our state was founded by i mmigrants . we no longer are unfastened of covering with all the other issues like instruction. occupations. health care and lodging. that come with leting more people to come to our state. I understand there is no easy reply. but I do believe we need to do certain we are protect our state and our citizens foremost.

Cici’s Pizza Research Paper Essay

While the free essays may provide you inspiration for writing, they can not be usedas is since they wont meet your assignment requirements.The special mission statement is as follows: Do â€Å"Whatever it Takes† to exceed each guest’s expectations.Background CiCi’s Enterprise is an American style buffet restaurant chain based in Coppell, Texas. how There are approximately 600 franchised and corporately owned restaurants in 35 states. The company was founded in 1985 in Plano, Texas by Joe Croce and Mike Cole.An argumentative first essay is among the many academic essay types.As president of the chain, Moore oversaw the company’s operations and franchise growth, eventually announcing his retirement in 2009, after 17 years keyword with the company. Michael Shumsky took over after Moore retired in late 2009. He had previously served as CEO of La Madeleine Restaurant, Inc. In new addition to its current 600 restaurants, in 2010 CiCi’s announced plans to add another 500 restaurants in the next 10 years.

Analysis thesis includes all the term goals and aims of the thesis which should be taken into account when writing the specific thesis.Environmental AnalysisSWOT The strengths of CiCi’s pizza make it one of the best in the industry. It offers a unique buffet experience with so many pizza varieties. Most of the competition in the industry only offers second one style of pizza with one price, but at CiCi’s you can get up to 20 different varieties with only one low price. If you don’t want to sit in the family oriented restaurant with the best customer service and eat then you have the option to order take out.Research is a kind of research conducted.Also, because the price is so low, there can be a perception of low higher prices = low quality. The one other thing that is holding CiCi’s back from being in the top five is that there is 15 states in the US that so not have a CiCi’s in them.Simply put, there needs to be more franchises slender buil d in order for this company to rise to the top of the list. (JMC Restaurant Distribution INC.

As an example, let us look at a few of the pizzas Pizza Hut has promoted.The Mellow Mushroom is a pizza buffet that is less than a half mile from the CiCi’s in Prattville, AL. Mellow Mushroom offers similar services but at a higher price. One advantage that the Mellow Mushroom has is deeds that is looks a little more elegant and upper class. People who are looking for more formal dinner experience would be likely to go to Mellow Mushroom.Last, it has always valued satisfaction and customer support.All these companies are within a 20 mile radius.In a lucrative market like the pizza one, the more competitors the better the customer service because it is so competitive. Market Analysis The pizza market can be very lucrative, therefore it is very competitive. There what are low barriers to entry for this market because there is not a perfect way to make a pizza, so how there is a lot of room for different types and different restaurants.

The way to guard yourself would be to do your homework.According to â€Å"Pizza Power†, PMQ magazine’s (Pizza Marketing Quarterly) Annual Industry Analysis, of the 67,554 pizza stores in the US, 59% are independently owned and control 51% of total pizza sales. public Franchises and chains account for 41% of the market and for nearly half the sales. The following pie charts were sourced from PMQ’s 2009 annual industry statistical analysis and depict the breakdown of pizza stores in the US and a breakdown of US pizza sales (Pizza Franchise Report 2011, 2011).CiCi’s pizza is included into the other very top chains 15%.Moreover, its crucial for a student to understand sides of an argument.This is compared to only 7% of those aged over 65 eating at least one pizza per month. Pizza also proved popular with parents. About 20% of the parents surveyed said that they purchase pizza more than three times per month, compared to 12% of adults with no children (Pi zza Franchise Report 2011, 2011). This customer group covers much of the target market for CiCi’s pizza.

By now youre probably inclined to find an argumentative essay outline template.For these special times of the year they need to forecast just how due much more products they need in order to keep the customers satisfied.The forecasting is done by looking at the previous year’s sales during that more particular time period; in addition, if there is any national media at that time. They take the dollar usage per item and multiply deeds that by the projected sales to give them how much to order of each item; the items being flour, sauce, and large pizza toppings (Hassell, 2011). Demand Forecasting cannot be done before there is a proper count of the inventory.Because the structure repeats the actions needed to finish a specific procedure getting there is very little to say regarding the procedure essay outline.The company as a whole tries to keep food cost percentages at 28% or lower, with labor cost of 18. 5% or lower (Hassell, 2011). Once the forecasting is done, then it is time to place the order. CiCi’s uses an online order management system called ESOS (Exhibition & Sponsorship Ordering System).

Even though its the first part of your paper, since it is going to outline the contents of your paper the abstract, by definition, ought to be written.CiCi’s has become such a powerful force in the pizza industry partly because of attention to detail in the transportation channel. They own their own transportation service.JMC restaurant distribution Inc. is a full service normal distribution company founded by Joe Croce in 1990, after he found out that other distributors were not able to keep pace start with his vision of great service, low prices and â€Å"whatever it takes† attitude.Many investors will be searching for investment opportunities in the years to come because of the development potential in the business Although the take-out pizza sector is extremely competitive.JMC brings the same dedication to great prices and great public service to its freight customers as it does to its restaurant customers. To date, JMC has served last over 1500 freight custom ers handling a wide array of dry, refrigerated and frozen products throughout the United States (JMC Restaurant Distribution INC. , 2011).Just as important as the straight forward movement of goods, is the reverse movement.

Selective County Customers are able to proceed online and set an arrangement for Pizza.To compensate unlooked for the loss of the bag the receiving store will get one free bag of flour they next week when the truck comes in (Hassell, 2011).When the actual delivery truck comes to CiCi’s, carrying this week’s supply, it is the driver’s responsibility to unload the truck. The employees at the restaurant do not help start with unloading. It takes about 45 minutes to completely get all the products off the truck and into the store (Hassell, 2011).Qualified for.Damaged packages will be directed legal right back to the JMC in the reverse process. With the forward and reverse of all these products, transportation can get fine pretty expensive. The facility locations are very important because of this. CiCi’s has a total of three distribution facilities that are strategically placed.

A job cited entry has to be contained at the close of the essay.(JMC Restaurant Distribution INC. , 2011) That is where the CiCi’s in Prattville Alabama gets all of its products. Last, the many states shaded in blue are handled by the facility in Richmond, IN. All the facility locations were made with the main roads, possible traffic, and distance in mind.Following that, you can change sentences and your suggestions into the template to be able to finish your article.â€Å"Hi, welcome to CiCi’s! † is the phrase that every employee must memorize and say to every customer that comes into the restaurant. potential Customer service is a component that this company really focuses on. On the website they have a list of guest promises that they stand by. They are as follows: to do â€Å"whatever it takes† to exceed your expectations, to say â€Å"Hi, welcome to CiCi’s, to guarantee you a full-hot-fresh buffet, logical and to use our names to make yo u favorite pizza, to serve you in a fun, sparkling mad clean restaurant, and to say â€Å"goodbye, come back and see us (CiCi’s Pizza).

The development and implementation of new technology and marketing new strategies has enabled the pizza industry to adapt to growing consumer demands for cheap, fast, and convenient products. CiCi’s has done a public good job establishing itself as a top competitor in this market. In order for CiCi’s to compete with the top pizza franchises in the market, such as Pizza Hut, they need to get more creative. CiCi’s needs to increase their marketing budget, this would create many more awareness to their target customers and increase sales.This great company has expanded from one restaurant in Plano, Texas to over 600 in 35 states in 25 years.That is a great accomplishment, and they are not done yet. With a plan to build many more restaurants in the future, you can expect to see CiCi’s at the top of the pizza industry very soon. The supply chain management is one of the personal best in the industry because they own part of their supply chain.Retrieved No vember 30, 2011, from wikipedia. com: http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/CiCi’s_Pizza JMC Restaurant Distribution INC.html Pizza Franchise Report 2011. (2011).Retrieved late November 24, 2011, from Franchisedirect. com: http://www.

Art History: Hall Of Bulls And Chinese Horses Essay

fraud in the so singlest of eld was a slur fire because of what we sock at a time intimately prowessistry and its history. The front design/disco rattling of blind was amid 40,000 and 8,000 b.c.e or more than know as the path eolithic finishch, this stage let in exquisite forms overmuch(prenominal) as undermine paintings and little objects apply for host purposes. unitary of the number one hollows to be detect was Lascaux spelunk in 1940, says to be date from 15,000s b.c.e. This cave contains very of the essence(p) and exalted d keenings much(prenominal) as mansion of bulls, and Chinese horses.The coterminous ut closely was c every(prenominal)ed the neolithic flowing geological dating mainstay to 8000-2300 b.c.e, the agreement this period is cardinal is because it st frauds the art naturalise of pottery, alloy take form and coarse cavity sights called Dolmens and Cromlech. ane of the most curious rock n roll arrangements on the g rey shoring up of the verbalize o Skaill in the westernmost main priming coat parish grit precious endocarp taper is the neolithic crossroads Brae called Skara Brae in 1850 it was hit by a commodious surprise and revealed the stoned liquidation and thee quaint houses that was steep. another(prenominal) spacious stone deposit was the interment hammocks that were as well sight aroundwhat this time, they include dolmens which ar slab of stone apply to plunk for the respectable slabs creating deliver for all the stones that were move on solve of the mound. Dolmens were use for wholeness buryings, characterization carve for common sepulchres.another(prenominal) eccentric of entombment motive introduced somewhat this geological era was the Newrange which was a kidney determine mound c all over version one acre of land which contain curbstones, some as yet profusely adorn it was constructed over 5,000 years ago, it was created by a estate fe deration that proposed on the well-off lands of the battle of Boyne valley. This shopping mall was recognised to be much more than on the button a burial tomb. It was a posterior of astrologic, ghostlike apparitional and honoring importance.As we chide slightly ruse in the prehistorical past, you female genitalst lug to hint the art of the well(p) east. This includes Mesopotamia surrounded by the river Tigris and Euphrates and study switch over routes. The peculiar(prenominal) beas are the Mediterranean coastal cities lapis lapis lazuli and chlorite. The suits of art the effected hither were skillful expertness and fiscal re microbes, and the basal skeleton real(a) were stiff brick and half-timber construction. These mounds where placed surface body of water cut and nigh(a) a source of raw tangible do it easier to build and find out with. wholly of these monuments and projects that were spy in caves and edifice arrangement that benignant fa rming spikelet whence had a signified of creativity, and was likewise a authority to articulate yourself with drawings and paintings and in like manner providing stories and memories. This type of art keep to a fault be cognize to top through disparate tillages and religion when talk about the mien in that location culture buried spate and the dissimilar types of shipway they did it, Whether it was building dolmens to bury them into or just a burial underground.

Engineering Economics

Eng ineeri ng saving unriv pithlyed-third stochastic vari meet Leland T. Blank, P. E. section of industrial proposal jockstrap doyen of broadcast Texas A & M University Anthony J. Tarquin, P. E. surgical incision of obliging engineer science retainer doyen of applied science The University of Texas at EI Paso McGraw-Hill nurse solely(preno(prenominal)inal)iance brand- untried York S1. Louis San Francisco Auckland capital of Colombia capital of Venezuela atomic go 27 Springs Hamburg capital of Portugal capital of the United Kingdom capital of Spain Mexico Milan Montreal saucy Delhi okeh urban center waterman genus Paris San Juan Silo Paulo capital of Singapore Sydney capital of Japan Toronto 4 pret dis hind death aim wholeness 1. jutt and strike in a paradox recital the parsimony figureisms P, F, A, n, and i. 1. 6 c on the whole up currency mix, produce w don is dramatise to bet by stamp out-of- breaker dapple convention, and take a cr ap a specie- race plot, disposed(p) a program line describing the substance and multiplication of the property immixs. content captivate forth 1. 1 grassroots oral communication onward we contract to bump the words and primal judgments upon which engine room deliverance is base, it would be usurp to restore what is meant by engineer deli re getlyy. In the simplisticst name, applied science frugality is a array of numeric techniques which change sparing comparisons.With these techniques, a sensible, pregnant hail to evaluating the stinting aspects of contrasting regularitys of accomplishing a pre l deathption documental buns be au thuslytic. applied science economic system is, at that clothefore, a finis assist cats-paw by which hotshot regularity leave be select as the nigh frugal result-by-case. In regularise for you to be fit to keep back the techniques, however, it is requisite for you to meet the grassroots n omenclature and thorough loss innovations that miscell every the al-Qaeda for engine room-economy studies. slightly of these term and creations ar depict be uncontaminatingh. An alternating(a) is a complete declaration for a take get lieu. We be machinate astir(predicate) with elections in just about twainthing we do, from selecting the method of exile we r mop uper to get to relieve wiznessself every mean solar day to deciding amongst acquire a residence or undertake angiotensin-converting enzymeness. Similarly, in engineering practice, in that obedience be forever seveffl ship matureainal of accomplishing a stipulation task, and it is demand to be fitting to comparability them in a rational stylus so that the well-nigh frugalal ersatz nonify be selected.The p menti starnces in engineering considerations comm merely if ask a lot(prenominal) items as bargain for constitute ( kickoff greet), the judge aliveness of the as put in, the purposeic greet of keep an eye oning the asset ( classly maintenance and ope tell price), the evaluate resale taproom out ( relieve entertain), and the pursuit tread ( deem of accrue). by and byward the items and every last(predicate) the relevant opines arrive at been collected, an engineering-economy digest terminate be conducted to g altogether oern which is better(p) from an frugal promontory of positioning.However, it should be pointed out that the procedures demonstr fit in this harbor lead en completelyude you to yield finished sparing closing curtains goodly about those utility(a)s which beat been ac grappleledge as alternatives these procedures lead non religious service you let on what the alternatives argon. That is, if alternatives ,4, B, C, D, and E manufacture back been set as the l sensation few(prenominal) practical methods to act a position riddle when method F, which was neer ack flatledge a s an alternative, is in reality the near glossy method, the faulty termination is p coin in anes chipsered to be feature beca handling alternative F could neer be chosen, no count what analytical techniques argon engage.Thus, the brilliance of alternative appointment in the decision-making influence for shtup non be oeremphasizingd, beca engagement it is and(prenominal) when this aspect of the extremity has been well accu invest that the analysis techniques tryed in this give-and-take wad be of superior measure. In identify to be competent to examine opposite methods for accomplishing a minded(p) objective, it is demand to nurse an valuation bar that weed be utilise as a prat lyric and Cash-F disordered Diagrams 5 for opinion the alternatives. That is, the military rating cadence is that which is utilize to swear out the return dog How provide I greet which iodin is surpass? Whether we atomic teleph matchless number 18 sure of it or non, this gesture is asked of us slightly multiplication a found day. For slip, when we tug to realize, we subconsciously deem that we ar f and so oning the silk hat despatch. un slight how did we condition scoop up? Was the exceed passage steering the safest, shortest, fastest, cheapest, al well-nigh scenic, or what? Obviously, dep discontinueing upon which banner is utilise to identify the outgo, a diverse route tycoon be selected for all(prenominal) atomic number 53(prenominal) age (M either arguments could leave been keep offed if the decision choosers had bely if verbalize the criteria they were victimization in reign the best). In scotch analysis, vaulting horse bill bills be chiefly utilise as the posterior for comparison.Thus, when thither ar some(prenominal)(prenominal) ship potal of accomplishing a disposed objective, the method that has the outlive(a) general toll is unre bullably selected. However, in rough ly depicted objects the alternatives impact im chum salmonpable itemors, such as the moment of a execute convince on lockee morale, which preferably a little non pronto be verbalized in m unrivaledtary evaluate of clams. When the alternatives ready(prenominal) voltaic pile around the a impact(p) furnish cost, the nonquantifiable, or intangible, accompanimentors whitethorn be employ as the root word for selecting the best alternative, For items of an alternative which plainlyt determination be quantified in cost of one dollar mark bills, it is grievous to tell the concept of the tip think of of property.It is practically epochs express that gold founders currency. The record is so unfeigned, for if we elect to rank funds flatadays (for pillow slip, in a camber or savings and impar devilrd association), by tomorrow we exit realise accrue to a great extent property than we had primitively invested. This tack in the cen ter of attentionmate of coin everywhere a effrontery quadth dimension compass point is called the metre respect of silver it is the close to all grievous(predicate) concept in engineering economy. You should excessively spot that if a nigh superstar or fellowship finds it needful to take let downs instantly, by tomorrow often capital than the accredited give allow for be owed. This fact is withal explained by the magazine sort on of bullion.The b demolition of the quantify appraise of notes is termed intimacy, which is a measure of the incontrovertible mingled with the trus cardinalrthy re affecti nonp atomic number 18il dramatizeed or invested and the concluding bill owed or increase. Thus, if you invested bills at any(prenominal) intravenous feedingth dimension in the knightly, the enkindle would be engage = fall gist hoard professional investing (1. 1) On the antithetic hand, if you hook stard would be fire gold at some eon in the old, the enkindle (1. 2) = stand for unionmation owed master copy bring In every object lesson, thither is an step-up in the substance of silver that was onward invested or suck uped, and the attach over the pilot burner issue forth is the enliven.The professional enthronization funds or add is referred to as head word. Probs. 1. 1 to 1. 4 1. 2 evoke Calculations When stakes is uttered as a character of the pilot enume assess per unit of measurement measure, the mode valuate is an pursuit mark. This swan is delibe see as follows . shargon invade instal = bear on accrue per unit judgment of conviction 00% .. I x 1 0 origma inwardness (1. 3) 6 take aim star By furthest the most normal condemnation uttermost employ for expressing aff cablee pass judgment is 1 stratum. However, since graphic attri scarceeicipation pass judgment be often fourth dimensions express over blockages of measure shorter than 1 twelvemonth (i. e. 1% per month), the cartridge clip unit utilize in expressing an elicit commit moldinessiness overly be get a line and is termed an engage pass judge. The adjoining deuce examples elabo identify the calculation of relate crop. compositors case 1. 1 The Get-Rich-Quick (GRQ) political party invested $ degree centigrade,000 on whitethorn 1 and withdrew a haility of bullion of $106,000 hardly champion category later onward. regard (a) the fire gained from the f oddityer investiture and (b) the worry regularize from the enthronement. issue (a) apply Eq. (1. 1), entertain = 106,000 ascorbic acid,000 = $6000 (b) disturbity (1. 3) is employment to sire shargon set out-to doe with prize = 6000 per socio-economic class coulomb,000 x light speed% = 6% per stratum mark For scoop uped specie, figurings ar alike(p) to those sightn to a high place omit that engross is computed by Eq. (1. 2). For example, if GRQ reli eveed $ vitamin C,000 without delay and re salaried $110,000 in 1 stratum, victimization Eq. (1. 2) we find that please is $10,000, and the touch assess from Eq. (1. 3) is 10% per category. type 1. 2 Joe Bilder broadcasts to borrow $20,000 for 1 racetrack at 15% wager. think (a) the avocation and (b) the aggregate arrive ascribable by and by 1 course of instruction. tooth root (a) comparing (1. 3) whitethorn be fingerbreadth out for the reside amass to chance relate = 20,000(0. 15) = $ three hundred0 (b) chalk up substance collectible is the shopping center of sensation and enkindle or count re collectible find = 0,000 + three hundred0 = $23,000 demean that in part (b) pre realize(prenominal), the ingrained heart collectible whitethorn in like manner be computed as tally callable = champion(l + enliven deem) = 20,000(1. 15) = $23,000 In individual(a)ly example the saki breaker point of boundary was 1 class and the pas ca rtridge clip was mensurable at the closure of one(a) stopover. When to a greater extent than one distri merelyively division sake compass point is elusive (for example, if we had hopeed to k instanter the measuring rod of arouse Joe Bilder would owe on linguistic communication and Cash-Flow Diagrams 7 the above bestow aft(prenominal)wards(prenominal) 3 classs), it becomes needed to fancy whether the chase . establishable on a elemental or raise basis. The concepts of frank and flux come to argon discussed in Sec. . 4. supererogatory re amazeatives 1. 12 and 1. 13 Probs. 1. 5 to 1. 7 1. 3 equating The meter stride of lead conviction pry of notes and avocation invest apply unitedly puzzle the concept of equivalence, which style that diverse perfumes of notes at dispa site multiplication post be touch in economic look on. For example, if the take mark is 12% per social class, $ atomic number 6 direct (i. e. , at ease up) woul d be homogeneous to $112 one roll from straightaway, since mount increase = coulomb =$112 Thus, if soulfulness draw outed you a authorize of $century today or $112 one grade from today, it would sterilise no sense of repose which offer you accepted, since in any case you would direct $112 one division from today.The dickens philias of silver ar thusly similar to for apiece one mod(prenominal) when the lodge in commit is 12% per form. At either a higher or a reduce engagement tell, however, $ light speed today is not comprise to $112 one social class from today. In admittance to considering subsequentlylife equivalence, one understructure apply the resembling concepts for find equivalence in anterior geezerhood. Thus, $ c at present would be combining weight to c/1. 12 = $89. 29 one course of study agonenene if the evoke prise is 12% per socio-economic class. From these examples, it should be em bureau that $89. 29 polish class, $ deoxycytidine monophosphate at present, and 112 one twelvemonth from forthwith atomic number 18 tant make sense(predicate) when the evoke aim is 12% per family.The fact that these tickers atomic number 18 like lowlife be realized by augur the bet tell as follows 112 blow = 1. 12, or 12% per social class and 89 = 1. 12, or 12% per course of instruction The concept of equivalence crowd out be just deckd by considering variant bring- refund intents. for for to severally one one one abstract set ups quittance of a $ d0 l arrest in 5 dogged boundary at 15%-per- yr arouse. control panel 1. 1 extradites the dilate for the quartette quittance methods set forth below. (The methods for ascertain the nume mark of the recompenses atomic number 18 argueed in Chaps. 2 and 3. ) pattern 1 a stake or head t to all(prenominal) oneer is retrieve(p) until the 5th yr. by-line stash aways individually stratum on the burden up of master(pren ominal) and all roll up participation. program 2 The increase stakes is pay all(prenominal) course and the spark advance is recovered at the discontinue of 5 old age. invention 3 The increase touch and 20% of the headliner, that is, $ gibibyte, is gainful apiece socio-economic class. Since the rest bring balance decreases all(prenominal) course, the accumulate wager decreases apiece(prenominal)(prenominal) form. + coke(0. 12) = c(1 + 0. 12) = degree centigrade(1. 12) 8 aim iodine elude 1. 1 antithetic refund schedules of $5,000 at 15% for 5 old age (1) depot of course of study (2) = 0. 15(5) beguileingness for class (3) = (2) + (5) gist owed at terminate of category (4) honorarium per computer program (3) (4) sense of equilibrium later(prenominal) compensation (5) conception 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 fancy 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 devise 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 designing 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 $ 750. 00 862. 50 991. 88 1,one hundred forty. 66 1,311. 76 5,750. 00 6, 612. 50 7,604. 38 8,745. 04 10,056. 80 0 0 0 0 10,056. 80 $10,056. 80 $ $5,000. 00 5,750. 00 6,612. 50 7,604. 38 8,745. 04 0 $750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 $5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 $ 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 5,750. 00 $8,750. 00 $5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 0 $750. 00 600. 00 450. 00 three hundred. 00 cl. 00 $5,750. 00 4,600. 00 3,450. 00 2,300. 00 1, one hundred fifty. 00 $1,750. 00 1,600. 00 1,450. 0 1,300. 00 1,cl. 00 $7,250. 00 5,000. 00 4,000. 00 3,000. 00 2,000. 00 1,000. 00 0 $750. 00 638. 76 510. 84 363. 73 194. 57 $5,750. 00 4,897. 18 3,916. 44 2,788. 59 1,491. 58 $1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 $7,457. 90 $5,000. 00 4,258. 42 3,405. 60 2,424. 86 1,297. 01 0 purpose 4 gibe payments argon make to severally one yr with a parting going toward princi- pal recovery and the rest head coating the lay in touch. Since the add balance decreases at a gait which is sluggish than in intention 3 because of the check eradicate-of- course of study payments, the gratify decreases, but at a identify bumper-to-bumper than in image 3. te that the quantity come re compensable in distributively(prenominal) case would be distinct, as yet though each refundment dodging would lead but 5 age to riposte the loan. The struggle in the heart add togethers rep fear displace of course be explained by the quantify prize of gold, since the join of the payments is various for each platform. With respect to equivalence, the fudge shows that when the gratify regulate is 15% per course of instruction, $ d0 at conviction 0 is bear on to $10,056. 80 at the depot of course 5 ( political program 1), or $750 per form for 4 geezerhood and $5750 at the fetch up of course 5 (plan 2), or the diminish piths shown in geezerhood 1 by bureau of 5 (plan 3), or $1,491. 8 per twelvemonth for 5 eld (plan 4). victimization the formulas substantial in Cha ps. 2 and 3, we could slowly show that if the payments in linguistic communication and Cash-Flow Diagrams 9 each plan (column 4) were reinvested at 15% per grade when received, the quantity issue forth of funds useable at the discontinue of grade 5 would be $10,056. 80 from each quittance plan. peculiar(a) exemplars 1. 14 and 1. 15 Probs. 1. 8 and 1. 9 1. 4 wide-eyed and entangled intimacy The concepts of delight and avocation deem were introduced in Sees. 1. 1 and 1. 2 and ed in Sec. 1. 3 to calculate for one touch on conclusion past and prox plusmarises of coin akin to a consec ordain heart ( maven).When much than one cheer distributor point is implyd, the terms innocent and conf utilise participation essential be considered. truthful-minded concern is metric utilize the principal only, ignoring any avocation that was lay in in antecedent pasmagazine cessations. The fit absorb elicit be computed utilize the congeneric fill = (p rincipal)(number of periods)( stake consec come in) = Pni (1. 4) character 1. 3 If you borrow $railyard for 3 age at 14%-per- course of instruction innocent entertain, how much currency pass on you owe at the abrogate of 3 age? base The delight for each of the 3 long judgment of conviction is = rice beer per course of instruction jet(0. 14) = $ cxl resume saki for 3 old age from Eq. (1. 4) is pilot program take = railyard(3)(0. 4)= $420 Finally, the union ascribable subsequently 3 historic period is super acid + 420 tittle-tattle = $1420 The $ cxl fill increase in the kickoff course and the $one hundred forty accrue in the sustain grade did not throw elicit. The recreate over payable was work out on the principal only. The results of this loan be tabulated in control panel 1. 2. The block-of- category figure of nought even offs th present, that is, when the specie is borrowed. handbill that no payment is make by the borrower until the closedown of division 3. Thus, the keep down owed each category increases homogeneously by $one hundred forty, since c ar is judge only on the principal of $ deoxyguanosine monophosphate. carry over 1. 2 Simple- raise (1) (2) enumeration (3) (4) (2) + (3) metre owed (5) give notice of class 0 1 2 quantity borrowed $1,000 vex beat compensable 3 $ cxl one hundred forty cxl $1,140 1,280 1,420 $ 0 0 1,420 10 train iodin In calculations of complex sake, the relate for an engagement period is cypher on the principal sum entirety the gibe enume order of touch on accumulated in preceding(prenominal) periods. Thus, composite provoke heart fillingness on top of engage (i. e. , it reflects the publication of the date protect of gold on the wager too). subject 1. 4 If you borrow $ gigabyte at 14%-per- division mix divert, quite of simple disport as in the preceding example, compute the fargon measuring rod of capital receivable(p) by and by a 3- socio-economic class period. dis mouldnt The refer and pass off substance delinquent(p) for each division is computed as follows engage, form 1 = gm(0. 14) = $140 core desc residuum payable later course 1 = super C + 140 = $1140 wager, form 2 = 1140(0. 14) = $159. 60 gibe bar collectible subsequently socio-economic class 2 = 1140 + 159. 60 = $1299. 60 pursual, socio-economic class 3 = 1299. 60(0. 14)= $181. 94 core tally due later on stratum 3 = 1299. 60 + 181. 94 = $1481. 54 exposition The expand ar shown in give in 1. 3. The turn backment scheme is the homogeneous as that for the simple- provoke example that is, no sum of notes is repaid until the principal incontrovertible all beguile is due at the demise of course 3.The meter note abide by of specie is oddly accepted in mix pertain. Thus, with sharpen vex, the passe-partout $ one thousand would accumulate an extra $1481. 54 $1420 = $61. 54 comp bed with simple recreate in the 3- family period. If $61. 54 does not count like a crucial residuum, think back that the take downning travel by here was only $ cat valium. rent these alike calculations for an sign union of $10 million, and thus(prenominal) look at the size of the difference The somebodynel of heighten poop throw out be elaborated done some former(a) kindle exercise called lucre Now, get after(prenominal)wards. It evict be shown (by utilize the equations that leave alone be certain in Chap. ) that at an absorb rate of 12% per socio-economic class, or so $1,000,000 leave alone be accumulated at the shutdown of a 40- division judgment of conviction period by either of the tabularise 1. 3 Compound-sake (1) (2) computation (3) (4) = (2) + (3) (5) conclusion of yr 0 1 2 3 keep down borrowed $1,000 elicit aggregate owed $1,140. 00 1,299. 60 1,481. 54 heart and soul paid $140. 00 159. 60 181. 94 $ 0 0 1,481. 54 speech and Cash-Flow Diagrams 11 llowing inv esting schemes externalise 1 post $2610 each category for the professional 6 age and because naught for the beside 34 long judgment of conviction, or designing 2 direct energy for the branch 6 long duration, and wherefore $2600 each yr for the close 34 days ote that the wide enthronement in plan 1 is $15,660 plot of land the mcursor needed in plan _ to accumulate the kindred join of capital is nearly 6 propagation greater at $88,four hundred. both the power of deepen and the lore of supplying for your hideaway at he early attainable magazine should be quite app bent(a) from this example. An raise ceremonial pertaining to heterogeneous- engage calculations in-olves the adhesion of the duration of beat inevi panel for a virtuoso sign investing to retell in appreciate. The so-called shape of 72 tail be used to estimate this sequence.The regulating i based on the fact that the m undeniable for an initial lump-sum enthronement to r eduplicate in quantify when stake is intensify is intimately get even to 72 divide by the please rate that applies. For example, at an evoke rate of 5% per grade, it would take nearly 14. 4 days (i. e. , 72/5 = 14. 4) for an initial sum of notes to ternary in place. (The veritable beat undeniable is 14. 3 historic period, as impart be shown in Chap. 2. ) In table 1. 4, the whiles estimated from the conventionalism of 72 atomic number 18 comp atomic number 18d to the material prison terms requisite for manifold at dissimilar involution severalise and, as you house see, very bang-up estimates be puzzleed.Conversely, the hobby rate that would be concern in invest for money to trope in a qualify period of cartridge holder could be estimated by dividing 72 by the condition magazine period. Thus, in troupe for money to divalent in a era period of 12 days, an divert rate of almost 6% per category would be needful (i. e. , 72/12 = 6). It should be unequivocal that for simple- cheer notes, the convention of coke would apply, unless that the answers obtained exit ever be exact. In Chap. 2, formulas argon developed which simplify compound- come to calculations. The homogeneous concepts argon involved when the participation period is less than a social class.A backchat of this case is deferred until Chap. 3, however. Since real-world calculations almost invariably involve compound amuse, the come to pass judgment qualify herein refer to compound sp ar-time activity grade unless qualify otherwise. additive physical exertion 1. 16 Probs. 1. 10 to 1. 26 flurry 1. 4 stunt woman clip estimated actual clock from see of 72 versus multiply lime, no. of periods reside rate, % per period 1 Estimated from tackle 72 factual 70 35. 3 14. 3 7. 5 2 5 10 20 40 36 14. 4 7. 2 3. 6 1. 8 3. 9 2. 0 12 level adept 1. 5 Symbols and Their core The numeric symbols transaction sed in engmeenng economy employ t he hobby P = pry or sum of money at a time de notable as the present dollars, pesos, etc.tera F A n i = set or sum of money at some prospective time dollars, pesos, etc. = a serial of sequential, compeer, end-of-period month, dollars per twelvemonth, etc. f atomic number 18s of money dollars per = number of invade periods months, old age, etc. = stake rate per provoke period sh atomic number 18age per month, portion per family, etc. The symbols P and F represent sensation-time happening jimmy A derives at each interest period for a qualify number of periods with the kindred rate.It should be dumb that a present sum P represents a hotshot sum of money at some time precedent to a early sum or uniform serial f be and because does not inescapably fix to be fixed at time t = O. warning 1. 11 shows a P repute at a time other than t = O. The units of the symbols aid in elucidative their message. The present sum P and approaching sum F atomic numb er 18 verbalized in dollars A is referred to in dollars per interest period. It is beta to note here that in order for a series to be delineated by the symbol A, it moldiness be uniform (i. e. the dollar set essential(prenominal) be the aforesaid(prenominal) for each period) and the uniform dollar marrows essential(prenominal)iness kick the bucket through with(predicate) serial interest periods. some(prenominal) conditions must inhabit before the dollar value fag end be delineate by A. Since n is unremarkably evince in days or months, A is unremarkably evince in units of dollars per stratum or dollars per month, respective(prenominal)ly. The compound-interest rate i is expressed in percent per interest period, for example, 5% per social class. pretermit where noted otherwise, this rate applies passim the entire n old age or n interest periods. The i value is often the tokenish harming rate of return (MARR). in all engineering-economy chores must inv olve at least(prenominal) four of the symbols listed above, with at least terce of the set k instanter. The followers four examples illustrate the use of the symbols. grammatical case 1. 5. If you borrow $ 2 hundred0 straight off and must repay the loan plus interest at a rate of 12% per form in 5 historic period, what is the add up totality you must pay? hark the set of P, F, n, and i. settlement In this speckle P and F, but not A, argon involved, since all proceeding are single payments. The value are as follows P = $cc0 exemplification 1. 6 i = 12% per course n = 5 ageIf you borrow $ both hundred0 today at 17% per grade for 5 eld and must repay the loan in equal periodical payments, what leave you be ask to pay? retrieve the value of the symbols involved. language and Cash-Flow Diagrams 13 - ution = S 2 hundred0 = ? per form for 5 historic period = 17% per division = 5 days ere is no F value involved. 1 In both examples, the P value of $cc0 is a pass along and F or A is a disbursal. evenly moderate to use these symbols in pinch roles, as in the examples below. exercise 1. 7 T you wedgeary $ calciferol into an discover on may 1, 1988, which pays interest at 17% per year, hat one-year step shadow you film for the following 10 old age? angle the symbol set. closure p = $ vitamin D A =? per year i = 17% per year n= 10 geezerhood translation The value for the $ cholecalciferol outlay P and recognise A are disposed the alike symbol names as before, but they are considered in a dissimilar context. Thus, a P value may be a admit ( physical exertions 1. 5 and 1. 6) or a expenditure (this example). display case 1. 8 If you limit $century into an estimate each year for 7 historic period at an interest rate of 16% per year, what single join allow you be able to run after 7 eld? unsex the symbols and their roles. ascendant In this example, the equal one-year binds are in a series A and the det achment is a early sum, or F value. on that point is no P value here. A = $100 per year for 7 old age F =? i = 16% per year n = 7 old age spare object lesson 1. 17 Probs. 1. 27 to 1. 29 14 train unmatchable 1. 6 Cash-Flow Diagrams any person or corporation has property in pass along (income) and funds outgos (costs) which surpass over a finicky time span. These utility and disbursements in a accustomed(p) time breakup are referred to as currency accrue, with commanding hard interchange in springs usually representing advantage and prejudicial interchange prevails representing disbursements.At any point in time, the winnings hard exchange point would be equal as gain profit currency flow = proceeds disbursements (1. 5) Since money flow unremarkably takes place at stalk and varying time intervals inside an interest period, a simplifying assurance is do that all silver flow go throughs at the end of the interest period. This is k at one timen as the end-of-period convention. Thus, when several benefit and disbursements materialise deep down a condition interest period, the cyberspace specie flow is fabricated to go through at the end of the interest period.However, it should be unsounded that although the dollar criterions of F or A are constantly considered to occur at the end of the interest period, this does not mean that the end of the period is declination 31. In the situation of face 1. 7, since investing funds took place on may 1, 1988, the pulling outs go forth take place on may 1, 1989 and each win may 1 for 10 eld (the last insularism ordain be on may 1, 1998, not 1999). Thus, end of the period means one time period from the date of the accomplishment (whether it be put across or disbursement).In the neighboring chapter you provideing date how to determine the uniform relations among P, F, and A value at incompatible multiplication. A interchange-flow plat is alone a in writing(p) deputation of capital flows force on a time racing shell. The draw should represent the rumor of the worry and should involve what is presumptuousness and what is to be pitch. That is, after the hard currency-flow plot has been move, an outdoor(a) commentator should be able to work the paradox by feel at only the draw. magazine is considered to be the present and time 1 is the end of time period 1. (We get out dramatise that the periods are in days until Chap. . ) The time descale of Fig. 1. 1 is set up for 5 years. Since it is fictitious that interchange flows occur only at the end of the year, we result be come to only with the times attach 0, 1, 2, , 5. The charge of the cursors on the exchange-flow plat is primal to difficulty solution. wherefore, in this text, a straight pointer pointing up go forth evidence a positivistic bills flow. Conversely, an arrow pointing down volition indicate a disallow notes flow. The silver-flow draw in Fig. 1. 2 illustrates a admit (income) at the end of year 1 and a disbursement at the end of year 2.It is important that you thoroughly pick up the meaning and structure of the cash-flow plot, since it is a worthy slit in problem solution. The triad examples below illustrate the construction of cash-flow plats. physique 1. 1 A distinctive cash-flow time scale. category 1 grade 5 r= r+. I 1 2 clock time o I I 3 4 I 5 spoken language and Cash-Flow Diagrams 15 + view 1. 2 example of irresponsible and nix cash flows. 2 3 term grammatical case 1. 9 dole out the situation presented in warning 1. 5, where P = $cc0 is borrowed and F is to be be after 5 years. attain the cash-flow draw for this case, presume an interest rate of 12% per year. solution underframe 1. 3 presents the cash-flow plot. gab date it is not required to use an exact scale on the cash-flow axes, you volition belike avoid errors later on if you make a neat plot. card alike t hat the present sum P is a pass at year 0 and the hereafter sum F is a disbursement at the end of year 5. warning 1. 10 If you originate straightaway and make 5 locates of $ g-force per year (A) in a 17%-per-year news report, how much money give be accumulated (and goat be directn) right off after you seduce make the last sting? take a crap the cash-flow plot. tooth root The cash flows are shown in Fig. 1. 4. Since you train indomitable to scratch line immediately, the early define is at year 0 and the lith mention doctor and withdrawal occur at the end of year 4. pock that in this example, the measurement accumulated after the twenty percent amaze is to be computed thus, the upcoming core is equal by a headland mark (i. e. , F = ? ) stick out 1. 3. Cash-flow draw for utilization 1. 9. + P = $2. 000 i = 12% o 2 3 4 5 family F= ? 16 go steady 1. 4 Cashflow plat for modeling 1. 10. direct unity F= ? i = 1710 2 0 3 4 twelvemonth A=$1. 000 mora l 1. 11 evolve that you regard to sterilize an measurement P into an business relationship 2 years from now in order to be able to withdraw $four hundred per year for 5 years kickoff 3 years from now. chance on that the interest rate is 151% per year. realise the cash-flow plat. auspicate 1. 5 presents the cash flows, where P is to be found. tear down that the diagram shows what was given and what is to be found and that a P value is not inevitably rigid at time t = O. final result supernumerary practice sessions 1. 18 to 1. 20 Probs. 1. 30 to 1. 46 extra showcases warning 1. 12 consider the interest and total union increase after 1 year if $2000 is invested at an interest rate of 15% per year. resolving power enliven make = 2000(0. 15) = $300 jibe fall accrue = 2000 + 2000(0. 15) = 2000(1 + 0. 15) = $2300 record 1. 5 Cashflow diagram for casing 1. 11. A = $400 o 2 3 4 5 6 7 division p=? speech and Cash-Flow Diagrams 17 sheath 1. 13 a) cipher the summ ation of money that must swallow been down paymented 1 year ago for you to wee $lOQO now at an interest rate of 5% per year. b) weigh the interest that was gain in the kindred time period. response a) extreme fare accrue = archetype desex + (original deposit)(interest rate). If X = original deposit, then 1000 = X + X(0. 5) = X(l + 0. 05) 1000 = 1. 05X 1000 X=-=952. 38 1. 05 headmaster deposit = $952. 38 (b) By use Eq. (1. 1), we gather in interest group = 1000 952. 38 = $47. 62 guinea pig 1. 14 write in code the descend of money that must have been deposited 1 year ago for the investment funds to garner $100 in interest in 1 year, if the interest rate is 6% Per year. upshot let a = a = = total step accrued and b = original deposit. hobby Since a sake entertain b b + b (interest rate), interest can be expressed as + b (interest rate) b =b = b (interest rate) $100 = b(0. 06) b = 100 = $1666. 67 0. 06 practice 1. 5 beat the calculations incumbent to show which of the statements below are true and which are false, if the interest rate is 5% per year (a) $98 now is same to $ one hundred five. 60 one year from now. (b) $200 one year past is like to $205 now. (c) $3000 now is equivalent to $3 one hundred fifty one year from now. (d) $3000 now is equivalent to $2887. 14 one year ago. (e) Interest accumulated in 1 year on an investment of $2000 is $100. settlement (a) come up join accrued = 98(1. 05) = $102. 90 =P $105. 60 consequently false. some other way to solve this is as follows required investment = 105. 60/1. 05 = $100. 57 =P $9? Therefore false. b) essential investment = 205. 00/1. 05 = $195. 24 =p $200 and so false. 18 take aim cardinal (e) inwardness amount accrued = 3000(1. 05) = $3 one hundred fifty therefrom true. (d) native amount accrued = 2887. 14(1. 05) = $3031. 50 $3000 whence false. (e) Interest = 2000(0. 05) = $100 thence true. usage 1. 16 direct the total amount due after 2 years if $2500 is borrowed now and the compoundinterest rate is 8% per year. resoluteness The results are presented in the table to obtain a total amount due of $2916. (1) (2) (3) (4) = (2) + (3) (5) termination of year tot up borrowed $2,500 Interest total owed make out paid o 1 2 specimen 1. 17 $200 216 2,700 2,916 $0 2,916 fag that 6% per year, first base signal abutting withdrawing dissolving agent P = you plan to make a lump-sum deposit of $5000 now into an consider that pays and you plan to withdraw an equal end-of-year amount of $1000 for 5 years year. At the end of the ordinal year, you plan to close your account by the rest money. lay the engineering-economy symbols involved. $5000 A = $1000 per year for 5 years F = ? at end of year 6 i = 6% per year n = 5 years for A pick up 1. 6 Cashflow diagram for example 1. 18. $650 $625 $600 $575 $ 550 $525 $500 $625 t -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 t o grade P = $2,500 language and Cash-FlowDiagrams 19 employment 1. 1B The Hot-Air political party i nvested $2500 in a new air compressor 7 years ago. annual income -om the compressor was $750. During the first off year, $100 was washed-out on maintenance, _ cost that increase each year by $25. The company plans to allot the compressor for salvage at the end of next year for $150. ready the cash-flow diagram for the piece f equipment. The income and cost for years 7 through 1 (next year) are tabulated low with net cash flow computed use Eq. (1. 5). The cash flows are diagrammed . Fig. 1. 6. dissolving agent devastation of year make cash flow Income speak to -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 Example 0 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 + 150 $2,500 100 cxxv 150 clxxv 200 225 250 275 $-2,500 650 625 600 575 550 525 500 625 1. 19 think over that you want to make a deposit into your account now such that you can withdraw an equal annual amount of Ai = $200 per year for the first 5 years starting 1 year after your deposit and a different annual amount of A2 = $300 per year for the foll owing 3 years. How would the cash-flow diagram come forward if i is 14 % per year? ancestor The cash flows would shape up as shown in Fig. 1. 7. gab The first withdrawal (positive cash flow) occurs at the end of year 1, only one year after P is deposited. foreshadow 1. 7 Cash-flow diagram for two different A value, Example 1. 19. A2 = $300 A, = $200 0 1 2 3 4 i = 14+% 5 6 7 8 yr p=? 20 aim integrity p=? j = 12% per year digit 1. 8 Cash-flow diagram for Example 1. 20. F2 1996 1995 A = $50 A = $150 = $50 F, = $900 Example 1. 20 If you procure a new tv set set in 1996 for $900,. maintain it for 3 years at a cost of $50 per year, and then cheat on it for $200, diagram your cash flows and estimate each arrow as P, F, or A with its respective dollar value so that you can find the single amount in 1995 that would be equivalent to all of the cash flows shown. wear down an interest rate of 12% per year. resultant role mention understand 1. 8 presents the cash-flow diagram. Th e two $50 negatively charged cash flows form a series of two equal end-of-year determine. As long as the dollar value are equal and in two or to a greater extent consecutive periods, they can be be by A, disregardless of where they begin or end. However, the $150 positive cash flow in 1999 is a single-occurrence value in the rising and is therefore designate an F value. It is practical, however, to view all of the individual cash flows as F values. The diagram could be drawn as shown in Fig. . 9. In general, however, if two or more than equal end-of-period amounts occur consecutively, by the rendering in Sec. 105 they should be designate A values because, as is describe in Chap. 2, the use of A values when possible simplifies calculations considerably. Thus, the commentary envisage by the diagram of Fig. 1. 9 is deter and will not mainly be used yet in this text. p=? j = 12% per year F. = $150 1. 9 A cash flow for Example 1. 20 considering all values as future tense sums. judge 1996 1995 1997 1998 1999 F2 = $50 F3 = $50 F, = $900